Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth

force-out of jell densities and long timetar trains on the gain and father of veg black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata L. ) var. Arka Garima K. RAVI KUMAR1 AND V. SUDHA VANI2 Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem-534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. electronic mail emailprotected com ABSTRACT A field essay was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem to study the pith of lay concentration and atomic second 15 levels on the re bow and render of veg black-eyed pea class Arka Garima under irrigated conditions.The study revealed that the place responded to ready densities as well as match levels. The biometric characters cargon physique of essential quill branches per do (8. 52), shell duration (21. 31 cm), fuel seed codfish girth (12. 35 mm), arrive of fuel seedpods per position (37. 02), number of seeds per pod (16. 85), pod tilt unit per ingraft (10. 93 g) and pod rec tout ensemble per put life ( 301. 85 g) were advanceder at miserableer tautness proves (37,037 dresss/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The process and make up characters like ground circus tent (52. 47 cm), TDM appeal (3968. 04 kg/ha), days to heyday (34. 73 days), days to first picking (44. 8 days) and pod yield (152. 87 q//ha) were showed relegate pull upion in case of high niggardliness installing (74,074 grounds/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The interaction proceeds of found densities and phosphorus levels were evidential on embed height, congeries wry egress accrual and days to f dispiriting, pod length, pod weight per place, and yield per make and pod yield /ha. Key words Growth, yield, arrange tightfistedness, phosphorus level, vegetable cowpea represent specify plant plant Cowpea plays a substantial role by dowry as a grain and vegetable crop mainly for the rural citizenry in the East, West, South and Central part of Africa (Morti more than et al. 1997). According to FAO (2007), cowpea is produced annually on 11. 2 mha ranking 3rd aft(prenominal) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) with Africa victorious the lead followed by Asia. It is extensively big in South India particularly in the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Cowpea used at all stages of its fruit including as a vegetable (Ofori and Stern, 1986). Vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima is a bushy type. Pods be thick, light green, long, round, stringless and passing fleshy. Yield potential of Arka Garima is 18 t/ha.The optimum plant population is an classical parameter for increasing the crop productivity and provides the plant with the best environment to express its capacity fully under the given over conditions. The optimum plant density with right(a) geometry and its planting varied with the agro-climatic conditions and growth vestments of the plant. Generally, pulses require phosphorus for their growth and payable north fixation. It lik ewise enhances the nodulation and pod development hence pod yield. If the orthophosphate accessibility from the begrime is limited, the growth and northward fixation are affected (Prasad and Sanoria, 1981). the Tempter being an essential character of cellular proteins and nucleic acids, it encourages the meristematic activity in plants (Black, 1969) and comme il faut supply of nutrients which mogul have raise the metabolic activity and inturn plant growth. substantial AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem during kharif 2010. The observational site had red light-h communicateed loam with pH 6. 9, EC of 0. 01 dS/m, 0. 34 % organic carbon with 712, 32. 5, 217. 5 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block mark with three replications.There were twelve treatmental combinations comprised of three plant densities (37,037, 55,555 and 74,074 plants/ha) designated as D 1, D2 and D3 and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) designated as P0, P1, P2 and P3. The seeds were interact with captan 3g/kg seeds before sowing against wilt. The Arka Garima seeds were dibbled on 29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm spacings. During the crop period, the total rain received was 419. 07 mm. The nitrogen 20 kg/ha, potassium 10 kg/ha and phosphorus as per the treatments were applied during the crop period.The metereological in shaping recorded from planting witness to harvest are presented below. Table 1 Monthly mean temperatures, relative humidity and rain condescend during the growing season of cowpea (Sep-Nov) in 2010 at Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh. Month correspond temperature (? C) Mean Relative Rain fall (mm) humidity (%) _____________________________________________________________________ September 28. 99 77. 96 19. 3 October 28. 84 71. 86 46. 00 November 27. 33 75. 14 38. 60 ______________________________________ _______________________________ A try out of five plants was taken randomly from devil central rows in each experimental plot at different intervals. The growth parameters like plant height, number of primary branches, prohibitionist function accumulation, days to florescence and days to first picking were recorded. too the yield and its attributes were recorded.For estimating total dry amour accumulation, each sample was first air dried and later oven dried at 60? C to constant weight. The sum up of dry weights of all plant move was taken as total dry matter accumulation per plant (g). The data was analyzed by the method of section outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results revealed that the effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on vegetive growth performance and yield were significant. The plant height increased with increasing plant density and decreased number of primary branches per plant at all sampling occasions. high densit y produced tender and widely dispersed plants. Significant increase in plant height with high density (74,074 plants/ha) might be due to competition of solar energy coupled with shallow resolution system. increase plant density limits the availability of space for plant and hence decide configuration affecting the crop growth. Increased plant population increased plant height (Ahmed et al. 2010). The TDM accumulation was higher(prenominal) at a plant density of 74,074 plant/ha. The result might be attributed to optimum use of natural resources, higher economic consumption of nutrients and more number of plants per unit area.Beneficial effect of optimum density on total dry matter accumulation has withal been report by Dwivedi et al. (1994) in frenchbean. though the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density (37,037 plants/ha), it delayed the maturity. Higher photosyn thesis and higher amount of dry matter a ssimilation due to higher number of leaves and higher availability of nutrients led to vegetive growth at a yearner period and as such the generative phase was delayed (Honma and Bert, 1977).The higher pod yield per plant at low plant density (37,037 plants/ha) could be attributed to the significant increase in pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight per plant. These values were significantly lower at higher density (74,074 plants/ha) due to increased competition among the plants for the space, light and nutrients. change magnitude population decreased the number of pods per plant. This step-down whitethorn be attributed to the interference among branches. The conclusions are in accord with the previous results inform by Hamad (2004).The variations in number of pods per plant could be attributed to the variations in number of branches per plant. then lower plant densities resulted in supreme number of branches per plant and in turn was responsible for more number of fruit points. Further, less competition for light, moisture and nutrients associated with wider spacing has an edge in producing more reproductive separate compared to high density plants. The plant growth, yield and its attributes were superior with the action of 60 kg P2O5/ha.Increase in plant growth might be due to hastened meristematic activity, amend steady down growth and better acculturation of nutrients by increased drill of P (Philip, 1993). The translocation of photosynthates by the action of P too showed an improvement in various growth parameters (Verma and Saxena, 1995). The transmittal of Rhizobium bacteria depends on their interception with the root hair. Under adequate phosphate application, nodulation increases due to high bacterial infection on account of properly positive rooting system and increased density of nodule bacteria (Srivastava and Varma, 1985).Increased nodulation implies greater dependent fixation of a tmospheric N which as well as helps in cell division and root extension which might have resulted in vigorous plant growth. Similar results were reported by Joseph and Varma (1994) in chickpea. The phosphorus application 60 kg/ha showed a significant influence on days to bloom, days to 50 per cent bloom and days to first picking. Influence of P in hastening maturity is well documented. phosphorus imparts quicker vegetative growth to the plant and entering into the reproductive phase early.The equivalent trend of higher levels of P was to a fault noted by Philip (1993) in cowpea and Bahadur and Singh (1990) in garden pea. The increase in yield attributes might be a direct consequence of growth characters. fit supply of P is important in laying down the primordia for the reproductive parts of plants. It is also considered important in the formation of pods and seeds. Being a constituent of protoplasm, which may be responsible for increased length of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and inturn pod yield. These results are in conformity with the finding of Sundara et al. 2004) in pea. The interaction effect of application of 60 kg P2O5/ha and higher plant densities (74,074 plants/ha) produced higher pod yield along with rich protein content. The economic returns were more in case of high density as per the results obtained in the present experiment. It is also suggested that a plant density level D3 (74,074 plants/ha) and a phosphorus level of P3 (60 kg P2O5) was most profitable for the cultivation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima under irrigated conditions in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. REFERENCESAhmed Naim, M. E. and Abdelrhim Jabereldar, A. 2010. Effect of plant density and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian Journal of Basic and utilize Sciences, 4 3148-53. Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. 1990. Yield and growth receipt of garden pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Veget able Science, 17 205-09. Black, C. A. 1969. Soil plant relationships (2nd Ed. ) John Wiley and Sons Inc. newborn York, pp. 792. Dwivedi, D. K. , Singh, H. , Shahi, K. M. B. and Rai, J. N. 1994.Response of frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to population densities and nitrogen levels under mid-upland situation in northeastern alluvial plains of Bihar. Indian J. Agron. , 39 581-83. FAO (Food and horticulture Organization). 2007. FAOSTAT http//faostat. fao. org/site/567/default. aspxancor. Hamad, M. S. 2004. Effect of planting density on the performance of three cultivars of cowpea. M. Sc. thesis submitted to University of Khartoum, Sudan. Honma, S. and Bert, J. 1977. Growing high density cauliflower. American Vegetable Grower, 25 40. Joseph, B. and Varma. 1994.Response of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to jalshakti incorporation and phosphorus and sulphur fertilization. Indian J. Agron. , 39 312-14. Mortimore, M. J. , Singh, B. B. , Harris, F. and Blade, S. F. 1997. Cowpea in traditional cropping systems. Advances in Cowpea Research, 8 99-113. Ofofi, F. and Stern, W. R. 1986. Maize/cowpea intercrops system Effect of nitrogen plant food on productivity and efficiency. Field educate Research, 14 247-61. Panse, V. G. and Sukhatame, P. V. 1985. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Philip, A. 1993. the Tempter and molybdenum nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ). M. Sc. (Ag. ) Thesis submitted to the Kerala Agricultural University. Srivastava, S. N. L. and Varma, S. C. 1985. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and molybdenum fertilization on growth, nodulation and counterweight fertility in field pea. Indian J. Agric Res. , 19 131-37. Sundara, T. H. , Vyakaranahal, B. S. , Shekhargoud, M. , Shishidhara, S. D. and Hosamani, R. M. 2004. Influence of phosphorus and micronutrients on seed yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L. ). Seed Research, 32 214-16. Verma, V. S. and Saxena, K.K. 1995. Response of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulg aris) to ranked doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in silty loam soil of central Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. , 40 67-71. Table 2 Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on plant height, number of primary branches per plant and days to flowering of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Plant height (cm) (At 60 DAS)No. of primary branches (At 45 DAS)Days to flowering (Days) Plant densities match levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D145. 6045. 93046. 6748. 8046. 758. 078. 538. 608. 878. 5236. 6736. 0036. 336. 4736. 57 D245. 4047. 4050. 0748. 4047. 828. 008. 338. 138. 338. 2035. 4735. 4035. 3335. 2735. 37 D349. 2052. 6752. 2055. 8052. 477. 477. 808. 078. 077. 8535. 0034. 8034. 6334. 4734. 73 Mean46. 7348. 6749. 6451. 007. 848. 228. 278. 4235. 7135. 4035. 5035. 40 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 110. 310. 060. 18 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 120. 360. 070. 20 D x P0. 230. 680. 21N. S0. 12NS Table 3 Effec t of plant densities and phosphorus levels on total dry matter accumulation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima.Total dry matter accumulation (30 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (60 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (90 DAS) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D1163. 50169. 03174. 85180. 38171. 941945. 661974. 371954. 932001. 671969. 16 3788. 403798. 773810. 643867. 503816. 33 D2172. 91187. 81189. 64197. 97187. 081965. 171970. 672016. 332014. 281991. 613874. 413885. 983986. 924096. 853961. 04 D3187. 95200. 96211. 37221. 33205. 401951. 191983. 812107. 322094. 432034. 193722. 813865. 744080. 084203. 513968. 04 Mean174. 79185. 93191. 96199. 891954. 001976. 282026. 192036. 793795. 13850. 173959. 214055. 95 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 591. 7210. 1029. 637. 6022. 30 Phosphorus level (P)0. 681. 9911. 6634. 218. 7825. 75 D x P1. 173. 4420. 2059. 2615. 2044. 60 Table 4 Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Pod length (cm)Pod girth (mm)No. of pods per plant Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D118. 4721. 8021. 8323. 1321. 3111. 8712. 0012. 2713. 2712. 3515. 1316. 4717. 4718. 3316. 5 D218. 5319. 4020. 6720. 5319. 7811. 3313. 1312. 5312. 0012. 2515. 1316. 0717. 0017. 6716. 47 D316. 8017. 1322. 3322. 2719. 6310. 9311. 2712. 0012. 0711. 5715. 1315. 3316. 0716. 9315. 87 Mean17. 6319. 4421. 6121. 9811. 3812. 1312. 2712. 4415. 1315. 9616. 8417. 64 SourceSEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05)SEm CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 220. 650. 120. 36 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 260. 750. 140. 42 D x P0. 230. 680. 44NS0. 25NS Table 5 Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea