William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay - 770 Words

William Shakespeares Macbeth â€Å"This dead butcher† is not an accurate description of Macbeth. Macbeth did not give an impression of a â€Å"butcher† since he was affected by the death of Duncan. He had contemplated on the positive and negative points about killing Duncan before he committed the act of treason. However his ambition to be king and Lady Macbeth’s persuasiveness and mocking had overridden his sense and logic which caused him to commit this crime. He was consumed by guilt and regret the minute after he killed Duncan. Macbeth had not intended to murder Duncan at all. He was described as someone admirable and brave since the book stated he was called ‘brave Macbeth’. He fought for†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœGlamis, and Thane of Cawdor: the greatest is behind’ shows us that his ambition has been recognized since he contemplates how easy it would be to become king, having obtained the title of Thane of Cawdor. ‘A prosperous gentlemen and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief’ tells us that Macbeth knows he cannot be king therefore he will have to do an evil deed. At this point, Macbeth had failed to see sense therefore he was blind towards what was correct. When the prospect of murder crossed his mind as a way to obtain the title, he heart was beating hard from fear. He was appalled by the direction of his thoughts yet he wanted the crown. Being unsure of his own motives, he balanced the positive and negative points of murder. He thought Duncan a kinsman and great king and wise ruler and also being his cousin, he saw no reason to murder Duncan but his ambition. â€Å"To prick the sides of my intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself’ tells us that he knows his ambition is the only reason to murder Duncan yet he wants the crown. King Duncan is depended upon by the people to hack down rebels and for other important purposes. ‘This Duncan/ Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been/ So clear in his great office, that his virtues/ Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against/ The deepShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth749 Words   |  3 Pages1. Macbeth, the tragic hero in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, suffers from the fatal flaws of insecurity and indecision, allowing him to easily be manipulated, which causes the audience to feel sympathetic toward him. A fter Macbeth has heard the prophecy from the three witches and he has been named thane of Cawdor, he is led to a strong internal conflict: â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion / Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair†¦ / Shakes so my single state of man that function / is smother’dRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth1401 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth At the beginning of the play, before Macbeth is introduced, the impression given is that he is a very good man indeed. It is as if he was a local hero and could do no wrong. The sergeant refers to him as brave Macbeth and Duncan says O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman! Duncan, the king, rewards Macbeth with the title, thane of Cawder, and the previous, treacherous thane having been sentenced to death. People speak of MacbethsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth2461 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth In Macbeth, look at the following scenes: Act one, scenes one, two and three, Act two, scene two, Act four, scene one and Act five, scenes three, six and seven. What did Macbeths character, words and actions show about changes in his character? Why are these scenes important to the plot and structure of the play and how the themes are presented? The play Macbeth is about a man whose rise to power and fall are influenced by his ownRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prickRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Macbeth1483 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth During the Elizabethan era, the great chain of being reigned. Women were low on this chain of power, and men were on top. In fact, women were below horses; you couldn’t live without a good horse, but, you could live without a wife. Lady Macbeth was a woman before her time, she was caught between being today’s ambitious, powerful modern woman and a fragile creature of the Elizabethan era. In the first four acts of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is vicious, overly ambitiousRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Macbeth647 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth In the tragic play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth decide, to kill King Duncan. In the play, we see the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth transform in their personality after murdering the King. Macbeth begins the play as a noble soldier, gradually changing into an ambitious murdering man. Similarly, Lady Macbeth is ambitious but she beginsRead MoreEssay William Shakespeares Macbeth671 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeare lived in an era where women possessed few political and private rights. Women were subjected to the will of men as men were thought to be greater morally, physically and intellectually. Shakespeare, as he was living in this hierarchical and patriarchal world, was subjected to this value system. His powerful and tragic play Macbeth, reflects aspects of this world but also challenges the very basis of its foundations withRead MoreThe Letter in William Shakespeares Macbeth1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Letter in William Shakespeares Macbeth Lady Macbeths reaction when she reads her husbands letter is powerful and dramatic.  · As soon as shes finished reading, she has decided she will make sure Macbeth is king Its as if she and her husband are thinking exactly the same thing. She does not hesitate for a moment.  · Lady Macbeth invites the spirits of evil to enter her She knows she has to steel herself, that the murder will need evil power, andRead MoreThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares Macbeth has been a theatrical favorite since Elizabethan times. Its timeless themes of ambition, fate, violence, and insanity collaborate to produce a captivating plot. The audience traces the disintegration of a tragic hero and his willful wife. Lady Macbeth, one of Shakespeares most forcefully drawn female characters, plays an important role in the play Macbeth. She has a profound influence over the actionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth638 Words   |  3 Pagesagree? Well, in Macbeth manhood is concurrent with power, physical strength, courage, and force of will. Rarely though, is it bound to the ideals of moral fortitude or mentality. The motif of gender recurs many times in Shakespeare’s work. Being a â€Å"man† in Macbeth means that you must be physically capable, cruel, and do what ever it takes to accomplish one’s goals. Women were supposed to obey their husbands and be good. Evil from a woman was absolutely not permitted. The women in Macbeth are the fire

Phaedo Summary Essay - 786 Words

Phaedo Summary nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates stands now before his disciples telling them he is not afraid of dying because he says death is what the true philosopher waits for all his life. The philosopher must have lived a good life, and when death is presented upon him, he should take the opportunity. Socrates formed a conclusion that: â€Å"That the real philosopher has reason to be of good cheer when he is about to die, and after death he may hope to obtain the greatest good of the world.† Socrates is saying that when death is presented upon him, he should have no reason but to be happy, and when that death comes; he will have achieved the best gift in the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates states evidence of why he†¦show more content†¦When Simmias agrees this he brings out all his support. Socrates believes â€Å"Death† is the separation of the body and soul. The soul is the biggest part of the death. The soul goes on living and doesn’t have to deal with any of the bad commodities of the body attached. You are only dead when this separation has been completed. Therefore death is when the body exists in herself, and is released from the soul. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through out the life of a philosopher or any other person there are â€Å"fruits† of life. There are many unnecessary pleasures and treasure in which we could live without. â€Å"Instead of caring about them, shouldn’t he rather despise anything more than nature needs.†? Socrates is saying that to go as the true philosopher, you have to live life with only the bare essentials needed and pass the opportunities for the unnecessary pleasures and treasures like costly clothing, sandals etc†¦ and other adornments. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The philosopher who is indifferent about bodily pleasures is as good as dead.† Socrates is saying that if a philosopher goes through life passing up pleasures not needed, he will definitely get his chance at death. The philosopher is only concerned with the soul and not the body, and as soon as possible would like get rid of his body and turn to his soul. And all other men wonder and opinionate about him not enjoying life’s pleasures nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The body only gets in the way ofShow MoreRelatedPlato Is One Of The Greatest And Well Known Philosophers1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience of dying and any sort of afterlife. This is how Plato expresses the importance of wisdom, in that it impacts the thought of death or dying (Apology 30, 36-42). The second aspect of the importance of wisdom in Plato’s worldview is found in Phaedo. Phaedo also describes the impacts of wisdom on death and dying. Socrates goes into detail about death by saying, â€Å"Is [death] anything else than the separation of the soul from the body?† Socrates further elaborates about how to gain wisdom, or pure knowledgeRead MoreWhat Are The Charges Against Socrates?1019 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the fear of death Works Cited Plato. Apology. Plato, The Dialogues of Plato, Vol. 2 (Meno, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Gorgias, Appendix I - Lesser, Hippias, Alcibiades I, Menexenus, Appendix II - Alcibiades II, Eryxias) [1892]. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. Marrow, Daniel. The Apology:Socrates Defense. Ancientgreece.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Summary and Analysis Apology. Cliffsnotes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Apolog. Apology/Plato. Apology/ Plato (n.d.): n. pag. Http://academic.muRead MoreBroken Family3761 Words   |  16 PagesKhomeini, Russell and countless other philosophers and theologians A .Masterpieces 1. phaedo BY: PLATO The Phaedo is acknowledged to be one of Platos masterpieces, The Phaedo, which depicts the death of Socrates, is also Platos seventh and last dialogue to detail the philosophers final days. The scene is at Compoton where Echecrates who, meeting Phaedo, asks for news about the last days of Socrates. Phaedo explains why a delay occurred between his trial and his death, and describes the sceneRead MorePhilosophy Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagespresent awareness by a process of recollection aided by the technique of dialect or the Socratic method. (Stumpf 260) This is known as the theory of recollection. The theory of recollection is told through Plato in the Phaedo and the Meno. In the theory of recollection Socrates answer to the paradox is that knowledge is recollection. This thesis allows a man to have ideas of which he later becomes conscious by recollection;Read MoreAristotle s Views Of Poetry Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesdialogues, mostly the dithyrambs. Therefore, Socrates possesses a diverse understanding of poems, and he can quote some of his favorite pieces. Similarly, Plato’s explanation of Socrates’ dialogues shows his broad understanding of poetry. Besides, in Phaedo, Plato explains that Socrates once considered himself a poet when he was waiting for his execution. In brief, although Socrates supports the real essence of poetry in his early dialogues, he is identified in many cases claiming that poetry is morallyRead MorePlato s Views On The Philosophy Of Human Nature1984 Words   |  8 Pagesthe entity or part of us that has the ability to reason and allows us to be rational. Therefore, the soul and reason go hand in hand. The soul works and reasons best under conditions in which it is the furthest removed from the body as po ssible (Phaedo). Thus, Plato views the body as a hindrance to the mind and soul in the sense that the body and its connection to the phenomenal/physical world deceive the mind in the world of ideas (â€Å"Plato’s Republic†). Plato conveys this in one of his dialoguesRead More George Gemistos Plethon on God: Aristotle vs Plato Essay4387 Words   |  18 Pagesa pagan. I argue that Plethon takes the position he does because his interpretation of the Platonic God better fits his own neo-pagan theological conceptions. Part of the evidence for this is supplied by the first English translation of Plethons Summary of the Doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato. I. Background (3) George Gemistos, who called himself Plethon, (1355?-1452) lived during the last years of the Byzantine empire. Constantinople fell to the Turks less than one year after his death. YetRead MoreCartesian and Platonic Philosophical Themes in The Matrix Essay2065 Words   |  9 Pageslife back to death in a continuous never-ending cycle that Plato wrote of what Socrates spoke of on his death-bed in The Phaedo (42-43). In the films current form this student is unable to say with any certainty what the writers true intent was and how closely they chose to follow Plato’s themes, but it looks like they may have selectively used and interpreted them. In summary the Matrix is a clever work of fiction drawing heavily upon the likes of both Descartes and Plato. The movie barrows conceptsRead MorePlatonic Philosophy Of Christian Theology1902 Words   |  8 Pagesthat most accurately suites Augustine’s Christianity—the Theory of the Forms. The Theory of the Forms is first introduced in the Phaedo, one of Plato’s many dialogues, and is broken up into separate references throughout his many writings, including The Republic, but the theory itself never seems to be fully developed (or at least specific enough for our liking). In summary, this theory encapsulates the idea that two distinct levels of reality exist: the visible world of sights and sounds that we inhabit

The Health Belief Model Regarding Food Choice Free Samples

Question: Analyse and Critique theHealth Belief Model as a Food Choice Model. Answer: The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors including food choice behaviour. The Health Belief Model regarding food choice, is based on the understanding that a person will make healthy food choice, if that person: Feels that a negative health condition due to wrong food habits/ choices could be avoided. Has a positive expectation that by making healthy food choices he/she will avoid bad health. Believes that he/ she can successfully and comfortably make healthy food choices. Thus health belief model is based on four constructs of perceived threats and net benefits; and these constructs are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. An added construct called cues to action would stimulate the overt food choice behaviour. Another addition is self-efficacy or the persons believe in one-s own ability to perform a task.[1] Perceived susceptibility is the belief that one can get a bad health or disease or illness. If a person is able to understand that there is a possibility of getting a disease or bad health due to poor nutrition or bad eating habits; he will be more conscious regarding his diet and will try to improve his/her eating habits. Perceived severity is the belief about, how severe a disease or condition could be. If a person believes that the bad health due to poor diet is a minor issue or the disease will not be a severe one, he may not be very cautious with his diet. But if the person believes that the disease could be severe one, he will be very cautious with the diet and eating habits. Perceived benefits is ones belief about possible benefits of making a healthy food choice. There are positive incentives also. If a person believes that a good diet will improve his health and will have a positive impact on his life and will make him more successful or happy; he will be more particular to take a healthy diet. Perceived barriers is ones belief about the possible barriers or difficulties in making healthy food choices. If there are barriers due to which he could not take healthy diet, they need to be addressed. Here the domain of health belief model may go outside the individual behaviour as the barriers could be contextual or structural. For a simple example, he may not afford the healthy diet. Cues to action are reminders that provide information or promote awareness regarding making healthy food choices. The campaigns play an important role to generate health cues. Print ads on metros, trains, other transport; could remind the commuters daily that they have to take a healthy diet. Self-efficacy involves providing guidance or training in successfully making healthy food choices. A person needs to believe in himself that he can change his behaviour and could adopt more healthy lifestyles including healthy diet. There is a need to generate self-confidence and self-efficacy in the individual and motivate him to take healthy diet. Source Glanz et.al. 2008[1] Analysis of Health-Belief Model A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was done to determine the effectiveness of health belief model in predicting behaviour.[2] Perceived benefits and perceived barriers were found to be strongest predictors of a healthy behaviour. The relationship was strong for prevention of a disease outcomes but the relationship was weak for adherence to a treatment outcomes.[2] Perceived susceptibility and perceived severity were found to be weak predictors.[2] Also the effect of HBM variables on predicted health behaviours got weakened when measured over an increased length of time.[2] Thus the meta-analysis did not recommend the HBM model based on its weaknesses.[2] Although there is a component of perceived barriers; the Health Belief Model (HBM) largely focus only on behavioural determinants of food choice and thus the interventions also focus only on individual level factors. The barriers as described by Health Belief Model are individual-centric which says that these barriers are perceived by an individual and the individual should alter his perception while the barriers remain then and there unaltered. Thus Health Belief Model totally focuses on altering the individual behaviour making him responsible for his poor diet. But the individuals do not exist in isolation and form societies as a part of their socio-cultural environments which plays a very important role in their food choice behaviour.[3] Socio-cultural environment determines what is socially acceptable to eat and is socially prevalent in various societies. Physical environment defines availability and accessibility of various food items, including financial accessibility.[3] Lot o f studies have been done on environmental determinants of food choice and are well grounded in theoretical frameworks. Educational interventions and programmes also influence food choice behaviour.[4] The educational interventions must address environmental factors along with individual level factors in determining food choice.[4] Educational interventions are also based on theoretical frameworks that determine food choice behaviour.[4] Other determinants or models of food-choice Legislative policies such as soda taxes; nutrition guidelines for schools, educational institutions and public procurement systems; restrictions on food marketing targeting children; regulations on vending machines; licensing fast food establishments; mandatory calorie labelling; also influence food choice behaviour of consumers to a great extent.[5] One such example is NewYork citys 2006 regulation of mandatory calorie labelling on menu items by all restaurants; and the research have shown that customers made lower calorie choices after implementation of this legislation.[5] Environmental factors also influence lifestyles such as eating out of home.[6] This include taking food and beverages from vending machines, consuming ready-to-eat meals, eating at restaurants, work-sites or on-the-go.[6] It has been found that eating out of home was associated with unhealthy food choices which were high in energy and low in micronutrients particularly Vit.C, Calcium and Iron.[6] Thus lifestyle is an important determinant of food choice behaviour which is further influenced by larger macro-level determinants such as socio-economic status and working environments. Food choice is also influenced by social networks or the company with whom we eat.[7] Relationships such as spouse, friends and siblings; plays a very important role in our eating behaviours or food choices we make. Research has found that newly formed couples tend to eat more of fruits and vegetables and less of fat-foods.[7] Peer groups tend to consume more of snacks and alcohol.[7] Thus social environment including company while eating influence food choice behaviour to a large extent.[7] People spend most of their time at workplace and the meals served at work-site canteens also play an important role in determining food choice behaviour of individuals.[8] Increasing the availability of healthy food at workplace helps individuals in making healthy food choices.[8] There are diverse contextual aspects when individuals make food choices such as combining food with drink, physical condition of the individual, physical settings, social settings, state of mind while making food choice, consecutive activities, time of food, recurrence of meals etc.[9] All these contextual level determinants influence the food choice behaviour of individuals.[9] Sobal and colleagues have come up with some eating maps based on places, time and people involved while making food choices.[10] For example, if the person is alone at work, he may quickly finish with a sandwich and continue his work. If a person is at home with family, he may eat home-cooked fresh food. If a person is eating out at restaurant with his friends, he may choose some fast-food with drinks. If the person is eating out with family he may choose some healthy meals for his family which may not be as good as home-cooked meal. If a person is in a car with someone, he may choose some snacks like chips.[10] Food choices are also made throughout the process of food acquisition, preparing the food, serving the food, eating the food, cleaning up, and disposal.[11] For example the person who picks up raw material, fruits and vegetables for cooking-up food choose the items at the first place, then the person who cooks up the food also choose ingredients for cooking, the person who serve the food also make choices about how to serve different food items which have an influence over consumers eating behaviour, the person who clean-up after eating also gives feedback about which food item gets wasted most of the time and thus to regulate its quantity of preparation and serving.[11] Thus whole process right from acquisition to clean-up influence the food-choice behaviour of individuals.[11] Jastran et. al. in 2009 theorised that the regularity occurs in eating behaviour determined by eating situations.[12] Eating routines thus formed are embedded in daily schedules related to family, work and recreational activities. People make food choices as a part of different eating routines depending on varying daily schedules of life. For example during early hours of work-days a person may regularly take a diet-cola or a coffee. During late-hours of work-days a person may eat left-over dinner or order a pizza on a regular basis. During Sundays a person may regularly eat breakfast with spouse. Thus daily schedules have an influence over food choice of individuals.[12] Blake et. al. in 2008 gave some mental maps individuals use during eating situations resulting in a sequential behaviour that guide food choices in relation to different contexts.[13] For example, a cook may ask the kids of a family regarding what to cook. In another situation, wife may pick-up fresh fruits and vegetables from market. The family may decide a night before what to cook in the morning. Thus these mental maps as a contextual behaviour may decide food choice.[13] The life-course perspective tells that food choices change over the persons life-course and it depends on what stage of life he or she is.[14] The children may prefer ice-creams, biscuits and candies. The young adults may prefer drinks, pizzas, and fast-food. The elderly people may prefer some home-cooked, low-calorie, easily digestible food. This life-course trajectory is further influenced by micro and macro level determinants such as family, friends, community, workplace, school, cultural and social environment, economic growth, and government policies.[14] Food choice is also influenced by the seasons of the year and what is available during specific seasons.[15] For example individuals may prefer easily digestible food during hot summers and may prefer water-melons, coconut-water, mangoes and fruits with high water content. During winters people prefer dry-fruits, spinach, sweets with ghee and dishes cooked in oil. Religious health belief may also decide the food choice of individuals.[16] For example certain religions like Jainism may advocate strict vegetarianism. Cow is worshiped in Hindu religion and thus beef is not eaten by Hindus. On the other hand goat is sacrificed by Muslims on Eid and its meat is served. The appeal of food to the five senses also determines food choice.[17] How the food smells, how it looks and how it tastes determine the food choice of individuals. Also the different societies have different sensory perceptions about food. Some societies prefer blend food. Some other societies prefer spicy food. Some societies prefer sweetness in their food. At the most important structural level, the prices of healthy food diet and affordability as determined by socio-economic status of individuals play a very important role in determining what people buy and eat.[18-19] The evidence shows that prices of food items is the strongest predictor of food choice among low-income populations.[18-19] Thus an already inequitable society creates even more socio-economic disparities related to food and health if the government is unable to control the prices of food items, fruits and vegetables.[20] The reverse is also true. The unhealthy food items such as sugar-sweetened beverages, aerated drinks, tobacco and alcohol need to be taxed more such as to increase their prices and thus discourage their use.[21] Thus government policies including taxation on various food items play a very important role in determining the food choices its citizens make. For healthy food items such as fruits and vegetables; the government should ensure a price ceiling policy so that the healthy food items remain available to the poor sections of society.[22-23] The governments must ensure a food subsidy or public procurement system to decrease inequities in healthy food consumption. The individuals in a country have a right to food and it is the responsibility of state to respect and protect this right.[24] The financial ability of individuals to procure healthy food is generally ignored by governments and thus there is a need to address social and policy circumstances that leads to poverty and thus inability to make healthy food choices.[24] The solutions to address the food choice issues should be directed at structural level determinants rather than blaming the individuals themselves for their unhealthy choices and thus directing all the energies towards altering the behaviour of the individuals.[24] Thus there are lot of contextual and structural level variables that affect food choice behaviour among individuals as described in other food-choice models. Some factors have been emphasised by one model and some other factors have been emphasised by some other models. In reality all these factors play their role simultaneously and thus confound each other. So it becomes difficult to precisely measure how much role a particular factor plays while modifying food-choice behaviour among individuals. After studying all the food choice models; an attempt has been made to formulate a self-created holistic and comprehensive food choice model which has been described as follows. The development of a self-created model Thus after discussing many of the determinants of food choice, I hereby arrive at the following multi-level ecological model of food choice. Figure 2 Self-developed multi-level ecological food choice model. At the centre of model is the food choice behaviour of an individual and the behavioural processes working at the individual level as determined by the health belief model. Individual perceptions regarding susceptibility and severity of diseases or ill health influence the food choices at the individual level. Other perceptions like perceived benefits and barriers to a healthy food choice also work at the level of an individual. The next level is the contextual level where food choices are made by an individual in context of social relationships, religion, lifestyle, life-course and other contextual level determinants. The outermost circle include structural level determinants such as food policies, legislations related to food, food prices, socio-economic disparities and social inequities; determine the food choice behaviour of populations. Thus this model is a holistic model which takes into account behavioural as well as social and structural determinants of food choice. The individual level determinants as described by Health Belief model affect the individual behaviour directly. At the centre of the model is always an individual who is making food-choices. He perceives some benefits, some susceptibility to diseases, the severity of diseases, the barriers and his own self-efficacy. Then in the outer circle are the contextual level determinants which determine his various perceptions. Throughout his life he has learnt many perceptions from his social relationships; he may be eating out in a particular company; he may follow a particular religion and lifestyle. Throughout his day, he may be in different situations that put him in a certain probability of making certain food-choices. In the outer-most circle are structural level determinants that alter even the behaviour of populations or masses and also alter the contextual level determinants. The governments may formulate certain legislations such as a ban on tobacco consumption by state or a ban on sale of tobacco products. The governments may increase taxes on certain food products such as sweetened beverages and tobacco products. The government may not be able to regulate food prices or the inflation is high in economy. There may be extreme poverty in the society and majority of its population may not be able to buy fresh fruits and vegetables. The society may be rich but may not have distributive justice or equity in resource allocation. The government may not have public distribution system or food security. There may not be enough production due to poor climatic conditions such as drought or heavy rains or floods. The food may be getting rotten in warehouses and there may not be the provision of minimum support price by the government. Thus there are macro issues which can alter the individual behaviour in a sweep and the individual may be helpless. Thus various macro level, meso level and micro level determinants of food choice have been discussed in this model. In this way this model turns out to be a more comprehensive and holistic, multi-level, ecological model. References Glanz K, Barbara K, Rimer K, Viswanath. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. (PDF) (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2008: pp. 4551. ISBN 978-0787996147. Carpenter, Christopher J. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication 2010; 25 (8): 661669. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.521906. Brug K J, Kremers S P, van Lenthe F, Ball K, Crawford D. Environmental determinants of healthy eating: In need of theory and evidence. Symposium on Behavioural nutrition and energy balance in the young. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2008; 67(3): 307316. Contento I R. Nutrition Education: Linking Research, Theory and Practice. Jones and Barlett Publishers 2011: LLC. Dumanovsky T, Huang CY, Nonas C A, Matte T D, Bassett M T, Silver L D. Changes in energy content of lunchtime purchases from fast food restaurants after introduction of calorie-labelling: cross sectional customer surveys. The British Medical Journal 2011; 343: 4464. Lachat C K, Nago E, Verstraten R, Roberfroid D A, Van Camp J, Kolsteren P W. Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: A systematic review of the evidence. The International Association for the Study of Obesity 2012; 13(4): 329-46. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00953.x. Pachucki M A, Jacques P F, Christakis N A. Social Network Concordance in Food Choice among Spouses, Friends, and Siblings. American Journal of Public Health 2011; 101(11): 2215-2222. Doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300282. Thorsen A V. Healthy meals at worksite canteens: Social shaping as a framework for understanding sustainable interventions. Doctoral dissertation 2010. DT Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management. Available at: https://orbit.dtu.dk/fedora/objects/orbit:83086/datastreams/file_5211393/content. Bisogni CA, Falk LW, Madore E, Blake CE, Jastran M, Sobal, JS, Devine CM. Dimensions of everyday eating and drinking episodes 2008. Appetite. 2007;48(2):218-231 Sobal J, Blake C, Jastran M, Lynch A, Bisogni C, Devine C. Eating maps: Places, times, and people in eating episodes. Ecology of Food Nutrition. 2012; 51(3), 247-264. Sobal J, Bisogni CA. Constructing food choice decisions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009; 38 (1): S37-S46 Jastran M, Bisogni CA, Blake CE, Sobal J, Devine CM. Eating routines: Embedded, value based, modifiable, and reflective. Appetite 2009; 52: 127-136. Blake CE, Bisogni CA, Sobal J, Jastran M, Devine CM. How adults construct evening meals: Scripts for food choice. Appetite 2008; 51: 127-136 Delaney M and McCarthy M. Food choice and health across the life course: A qualitative study examining food choice in older Irish adults. Paper prepared for presentation at the 113th EAAE Seminar A resilient European food industry and food chain in a challenging world, Chania, Crete, Greece, date as in: September 3 - 6, 2009. Sturm R, Patel D, Alexander E, Paramanund J. Seasonal cycles in food purchases and changes in BMI among South Africans participating in a health promotion programme. Public Health Nutrition 2016; 19(15): 283843. Hayward R D, Krause N, Ironson G, Pargament K I. Externalizing religious health beliefs and health and well-being outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2016. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s10865-016-9761-7. Lawless H T, and Heymann H. Sensory evaluation of food: principles and practices, 2nd ed. Springer Science Business Media 2010, LLC, New York. Pp. 259281. Rao M, Afshin A, Singh G, et al. Do healthier foods and diet patterns cost more than less healthy options? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2013; 3: e004277.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004277. Nicole Darmon and Adam Drewnowski. Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis. Nutrition ReviewsV R 2015; 73(10): 643660. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv027. Brambila-Macias J, Shankar B, Capacci S, et al. Policy interventions to promote healthy eating: a review of what works, what does not, and what is promising. FoodNutrBull.2011; 32: 365375. 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Mandatory Reporting free essay sample

The mandatory reporting law is a great law that is in need of major revisions. The role of the doctor has been clear and distinct in my life. I have always looked at my doctor as a person who assists me with health issues. But somewhere down the line, the role of the doctor has changed. Doctors are taking on the decision making of the patient. In a recent bill that was passed, practitioners are required to report any physical injury that is due to firearm, assault, or abusive conduct. This law is called, â€Å"The Mandatory Reporting Law†, in which it aids victims of domestic violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Reporting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the word â€Å"aid† has speculated through many people in examining this law. Mandatory Reporting has become a big controversial topic, in which people are investigating the pros and cons. To understand the pros and cons of the Mandatory Reporting law it is important to address the historical and social relevance of domestic violence. Domestic violence has been an ongoing problem for centuries. Historically men would have power over their wives. Women would be beaten for not having the dinner made or not taking part in sexual activities. Domestic violence was very common, in which the man would usually be the batterer and the woman would be the victim. Taking into consideration that women had no rights or power, they were subject to the abuse, society treated spousal abuse as a normal way of life—domestic violence was not seen as a crime. According to Dr. Mitizi Krocker (Roan, 1996) many practitioners and police felt that it was not their job to assist in domestic violence situation. As years went by, women were starting to gain rights. Women started talking about their abuse and finding the courage to leave. As a result, resources were developing for victims of domestic abuse. A resource that was developed was the Mandatory Reporting Law. The Mandatory Reporting Law stemmed out of the ideologies of society not caring or taking domestic violence seriously. There were too many batterers getting off the hook and or not being caught. The Mandatory Reporting law would assist in building a stronger case for victims and creating a method for batterers to be prosecuted. Mandatory Reporting was introduced by Jackie Speier (Assemblywoman) in the O. J. Simpson era. In 1994, as Americans tuned into the O. J. Simpson case, domestic violence was becoming an interesting subject. People were eager to find out if Nicole Simpson (a battered wife killed) would be found justice. When the verdict was reached, domestic violence was confirmed as an insignificant matter. Unfortunately, O. J. Simpson was released and dropped of charges because of the lack of evidence in the defense of Nicole. Mandatory Reporting has been a tool that can help in the defense of a victim. Many victims are abused and never tell anyone and or visit a practitioner. As a result, when the victim appears in court they usually have no solid proof on the accusers side. With the help of Mandatory Reporting, practitioner are required to document and make a police report, in which hard core evidence is produced. Kramer (one of the victims in Smith article) suggests that mandatory reporting is an excellent resource—women that are victims of domestic violence are forced to report. She further explains that women who have come into hospitals have altered the truth about their injuries. Mandatory Reporting will confirm that these women will be taken care of, in regards to the batterer being confronted. Mandatory Reporting is available at any licensed doctor who performs medical services to the victim. The practitioner is automatically required to assist in domestic abuse cases. The question to be raised is what happens when victims do not want to be reported? Under the law practitioners are not required to inform the patient of the reporting. Victims are reported rather than agree or disagree to the terms. The doctor is obligated to report any suspicious behavior leading to domestic violence. As a result, Mandatory Reporting is being utilized frequently. However, many victims are catching on to the law, in which they are steering away from their doctors. Victims are afraid of the action that the law might take. The law is utilized daily to victims who come into the hospital with an injury. Practitioners who fail to report can result in a misdemeanor charge and or fine. Mandatory Reporting has the intended benefit. Critics have mentioned that Mandatory Reporting was designed to catch the battered and not worry about the well being of the victim. The intended effect has been accomplished through evidence; there has been an increase in prosecuting the batterer. However, an unintentional effect has been the decline in women going to their doctors for medical assistance. Immigrant women have really declined in seeking medical attention because they are scared to be removed from America. There has not been any evidence that has proven that mandatory reporting is beneficial to the victim’s safety. Beverly Upton states, â€Å"In some counties, officers show up at the victims home and arrests the batterer upon receiving the report from the practitioner this can increase danger for the woman. The law did not take into consideration the danger that some victims would encounter, when their spouse would be released from jail. Many batterers will leave jail, angry at their spouse for reporting the abuse. As a result, victims would be severely beaten. The victim would be afraid to seek medical attention again. Lynn Smith explains how many women are going to shelters for medical attention. Another unintended effect is that in some cases doctors are put into an awkward position, where they are faced to report something that their patient asked them not to do. The law is relevant but not accessible to marginalize populations. What the law brings to victims in a sense of loss freedom—not being able to make decisions about their personal wellbeing. The worst thing that could happen to a person is to take their freedom away from them. When people realize that their freedom is limited, few people will conform. Victims should have the right and support to keep their injuries confidential. A third party should not be involved in a situation, where the victim has refused the service. Adults are being treated as if they have no voice in regards to their life. Mandatory Reporting is not accessible to the marginalized population because it does not take into consideration all of the effects of the law. Mandatory Reporting is an excellent resource; however there are some things that could be modified. According to the Association of Women’s Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (n. d. , p. 1), mandatory reporting should not be modeled from child abuse laws—these victims are adults who are capable to make decisions for themselves. I believe that victims should be able to have the right to decide whether they would like to report their injury or not. Practitioners do not know the circumstances of the particular family. Who gives them the right to decide on a family’s wellbeing? In some cases there are children involved. What happens to a child if they see one of their parent’s arrested? How will the child cope with not having a father or mother around? The law also does not take into the consideration of finances. If a family depends on one another for financial support, how will the family cope with a missing income? These are all question that should have been taken into consideration when the law was written. Beverly Upton suggests that there is a need for a change in the language if we would like to keep the law active. The language of the law is not formatted for victims to feel safe on reporting to their doctors on medical situations. The whole notion of doctors composing a report because of suspicion has also been a red flag. The word â€Å"suspect† is not accurate enough for me, because speculation can be wrong. A woman could have encountered a black eye because she was hit with a baseball. What does the doctor do, if there is a false report made? How will a family cope with a false arrest on a member of the family? I project that a victim must admit to being abused before the practitioner takes any additional steps. If the practitioner believes that the victims injuries were related to domestic abuse, the Practitioner should offer a class or counseling for the victim. As Lynn Smith (1995) states, â€Å"it is unfortunate that law requiring reporting came before the one requiring training. † Doctors should be required to take part in training, where they are taught to address and understand domestic violence to a patient. Practitioners should be able to recommend proper support when a victim is under abuse. In some cases, reporting their alleged abuse to the police is detrimental to the victim and or their family. The Mandatory Reporting Law has benefited and hindered victims of domestic violence. I agree with Beverly Upton, that there should be a change in language. The law is a good attempt to cracking down on domestic violence, but it leaves out the importance of the situation; which is to protect the victim. Mandatory Reporting should not be a tool to capture batterers, but a tool to assist and support victims. Jackie Speier must have kept in mind the safety of the victim. In writing a law, one must take into consideration all of the possibilities that may occur. The law benefits the victims that want to escape from their batterer, but it does not assist victims who are still in denial about their abuse. Many victims have trouble realizing that they are in a bad situation. Victims might feel that their abuse is caused by their behavior, or some might be victims of abuse for years in which they see nothing wrong with it. Before a judgment is called about a victim’s situation, there must be a full analysis of their circumstances. One must have a good insight on her life, before making judgment. There are too many risks that can take into place, if the right choice for the victim is not made. Mandatory Reporting becomes a controversial topic because there is a conflict with the purpose of the situation; some people believe that the end to domestic violence is capturing the batterer, as the opposing view would believe that the end to domestic violence is to remove the victim out of the situation in the best interest of the victim. The key to eliminating domestic violence is taking into consideration that everyone’s situation is different. There might be a need to call the police and have a batterer arrested in some situations in which the victim feels that he/she has had enough. In other cases the victim might not want to leave, in which counseling would be implemented to get him/her in the mind frame to leave their situation. Domestic violence is a sticky subject, in where it varies from place to place. Mandatory Reporting will not encompass all of the needs for victims of domestic violence; instead it will serve as an aid to a certain population. Until Mandatory Reporting is modified, the law will remain controversial in attempts to addressing domestic violence.