Human Perceptions

As Human beings we are blessed to have five senses. These senses are sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. These senses make â€Å"normal† life manageable for us. All five are equally as important as the next. However it is not impossible to live without one or two of them. Sometimes losing one our senses can enhance the rest. Human beings thrive on their ability to detect what is happening around them and make sense of the changes. Essentially, a human being cannot be able to do without the ability to sense and get the meaning behind the senses.Sensory properties are perceived when our sensory organism interacts with stimuli in the world around us. There are several senses which are fundamental in the human well being. These senses include vision, gestation, olfaction, touch, audition and multimodal perception. For humans, experience, of the world is generally stable, and the ability to perceive it is easily taken for granted. Objects have positions, shapes and colors that seem to be perceived instantly, and we can reach for them or move to where they are, without any apparent effort. It is worth oting that sensory perceptions inform the thinking process. Essentially, thinking is a process which entails and interplays of many facets. Furthermore, what is thought about proceeds from what has been acquired through the senses. Hence, faulty perceptions influence the quality of the thinking process. There are three reasons to believe that our senses are fallible. Seeing should not always be believing. Once we realize that our senses can be fooled, then we can begin to adjust to surface appearance and personal distortions. Sometimes our senses can be deceived.Our senses do not always deliver accurate data to our brain. Our senses do not operate effectively when we are sick, drowsy, or tired. Our sensual perceptions, such as sight, can deceive our brain in three major ways. It can be limited biologically, we see the superficial; corralled by custom, we see the habitual; and blinded by language, we see the general. Our five senses are generally part of nature and as we get older, wiser, and mature we tend to nurture our senses to perceive things better. We are born with vision, smelling, hearing, taste, and touch.These are innate sensory perceptions. A child does not know the smell of smoke or certain food items being cooked. As they get more mature, their senses become stronger and by nurturing these senses they can distinguish the different smells. In conclusion, our five senses are innate and part of nature. As a child, our senses are immature and as we get older our senses improve. We continually return to our senses to refresh the data, to seek new data, and to use specific instruments to justify and sharpen our senses so that we don’t perceive fallible information.Citations: Kirby, G. R. , & Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking. Prentice Hall. Chapter 3 Advances in Consumer Research – North American Conference Procee dings; 2009, Vol. 36, p127-130, 4p Kirby, G. R. , & Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking. Prentice Hall. Patterson, J. , Owen, C. , Frank, D. , Smith, R. , & Cadusch, P. (2004, May). Flavour sensory qualities and consumer perceptions – a comparison of sensory and brain activity responses to flavour components in different populations. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 39(5), 481-490.

Friendship Essay

What Makes a Good Friend? Friendships are vital to a person’s life. Although, people have quality requirements that they look for in the â€Å"perfect† friend. There really isn’t the one â€Å"perfect† friend out there that everyone is looking for. They come in all shapes and sizes and each and everyone of them have a different personality with their own faults and imperfections. They are people we associate to having a good time with and, or being sad with. But what makes a true good friend? Qualities that make a good friend are loyalty, trust, and reliability.A quality that makes a good friend is their degree of loyalty to you. A loyal friend will want to be around you. They will make an effort to be with you, and calls you to say hello when you can’t be together. For instance, if your friend is meeting other people at the movie theater, they will call and invite you to go along as well. If you go away for a vacation, your friend will tell you how much they are excited for you to return home. A loyal friend will pull their own weight in your relationship.Leaving everything up to one person in a friendship isn’t fair. They will help you plan times when you will get together, or events so other people can join as well. They will contribute to sharing phone calls between the two of you, instead of making you do all the calling. Another attribute that makes a friend loyal is a possible understanding of an event you have gone through. Having a friend that relates to events in your life is very comforting because they know how you feel or had felt.For example, if you lost a grandparent that was very close to you and your friend did as well, they can relate to your feelings which will make them feel more attached and loyal to you, and you to them. Another quality found in a good friend is their reliability. A trait of a reliable friend is how honest they are with you. If they are completely honest with you, then you can coun t on them in the future. Honesty is a key quality in a true friendship. A reliable friend keeps their promises.They do what they tell you they were going to do instead of doing something else. For example, when they tell you that they are going home and that they don’t want to hang out, they actually go home instead of going out with other friends. Another trait of a reliable friend is how encouraging they are for you. When you doubt yourself about your greatest dreams, they encourage you not to give up on them and remind you that you can do anything you want to. They tell you to shoot for the skies, and that the sky is the limit to what you are able to do in your life.They remind you of who you are and what you stand for when you forget, or when you are going through a rough time. They continuously let you know that you are special in their life and that they would miss you if you weren’t in it. A very important quality to look for in a friend is trust. Some people ca n seem very trustworthy but turn out not to be as you get to know them. A trustworthy friend tells you just about anything. If they trust you, they will confide in you their deepest secrets.For example, they will tell you who they have a crush on, or possibly dangerous things that you might be able to help them with such as substance addictions or other fatal problems. A trustworthy friend will tell you about relationship problems and ask advice that they wouldn’t with their parents or even another friend. They might even give you relationship advice if you need it. In other words, if your friend is in an abusive relationship, they would share as much as they wanted with you and possibly ask your advise about what they should do even if it is hard to hear.Another trait that makes a trustworthy friend compassionate they are. If your friend does something to hurt you, they own up to it and apologize. With all of this being said, a true friend is someone to count on in times of need, someone to have a good time with whenever, and someone to talk to about absolutely anything without being judged or misunderstood. Loyalty, trust, and reliability are three major qualities to look for in a true friend. Once you have found that one â€Å"perfect† friend for yourself, they will be around forever and always have your back.

Positivism Theory Essay

Positivism, (also referred to as ‘empiricism’) is often used to indicate that this approach to understanding criminality is scientific. The term ‘positivism ‘ (or in its more sophisticated form â€Å"Logical Positivism†) is often used to refer to an approach that asserts it utilizes science or the scientific method (their version of science) to understand the causes of criminality and thus the solutions to solving it. Positivism is an epistemological position or a theory of knowledge which assets that science is based upon theories that have been induced from and only from empirical evidence or the evidence of the senses (hence the term ‘empirical’ or that which can be experienced by the senses). Positivists reject any evidence that cannot be objectively experienced or observed such as that derived from tradition, faith, magic, religion, philosophy or any other form of knowledge or belief that does not have an empirical basis. Thus they want to explain criminal behaviour by reference to causes that can be observed or measured. Causes have to be material and observable – biological positivists look at biological observables such as anatomical abnormalities, identifiable genetic or gene patterns, bodily movements etc. Psychological positivists will also look at biological observables but will add behavioural factors, child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that cause identifiable behaviour outcomes. Many modern scientists have virtually discredited positivism in favour of what we call the hypothetico-deductionist approach or a falsficationist approach. This approach begins with theoretical conjectures (or hypotheses) and then seeks to prove or disprove them by means of empirical evidence. However, whatever the differences in method both positivism and hypothetico-deductionism seek empirical evidence for their theoretical positions. Implicit in these approaches is the idea that the scientist is an objective disinterested observer of natural events with no preconceptions about them. In the case of physics these natural events or laws are said to be found in nature itself as, for example, in the study of such phenomena as the movement of the planets around the Sun, the effect of gravity on the tides and the phenomenon of the seasons created by the movement of the Earth around the Sun. In these cases the object of study is seen as governed by universal natural laws which the scientist has to discover. When this approach is applied in the human or social sciences we have to understand our object of study (i. e. human beings or societies) as also governed or regulated by rules that the scientist has to discover. Thus Biological Criminologists will use data from such sources as twin studies, family studies, genetic patterns, biochemical aspects and so on – anything that can be studied by means of ‘objective’, methods and which may throw up some biological explanation of that behaviour or a principle or a law that explains that behaviour. It follows that in positivist criminality, ‘criminals’ are identified as certain kinds Of human beings who are governed by events or natural phenomena that have been set in place by something external to them and, in a sense, beyond their control. Thus ‘criminals’ do not make decisions about their criminal behaviour they are, as it were, caused to behave in this way by factors that operate in a sense, ‘behind their backs’. Thus, so-called abstract views of human nature such as that they are rational and use reason in making choices about their actions have to be discarded as a cause of behaviour in favour of non-rational causes such as determination by such things as biological inheritance or forms of social conditioning or, in many cases, a combination of both (as in Eysenck). Positivists aim is to identify those with criminal tendencies – or those already classified as criminals and use them as their data base. Their goal is to ascertain what has caused their criminality and then to look for ways of ‘correcting’ such criminality or, even better, to ascertain those with tendencies for criminality (before hopefully they commit a crime) and to put some preventative measures in place. Biological positivists generally look for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. A well know example is that of ‘Klinenfelter’s Syndrome’ where a study of known criminals identified was said to be an extra ‘y’ chromosome.

STRATEGIC LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

STRATEGIC LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES - Assignment Example As a company that conducts the majority of its business within the medical industry, sensitive issues like the maintaining the confidentiality of patient/client information is a large issue that constantly presents significant risk to the progress of the company. The recent privacy breach the company experienced only heightens the need for immediate action concerning enhancing security protocols to minimize future risks of this nature (Martin, 2011). The large breach in confidentiality protocols resulted in the names of individuals seeking paternity and drug testing (Martin, 2011) has put the company at substantial risk for subsequent litigation against the company for exposing personal medical information. Allegations that Medvet was made aware that the names, addresses, and product orders of individuals that have ordered tests from Medvet has been available on Google since as early as April (Martin, 2011) can lead to an extremely damaging class-action lawsuit against the company sh ould any of the affected persons suffer any damages as a result of such a breach. Affecting approximately 800 of Medvet’s customers (Tmaliyil, 2011), this breach has the potential to cause significant damage to the company’s image and cause significant financial loss should any or all of the affected parties suffer adverse effects due to this incidence and seek monetary damages. The $11 billion lawsuit Pennzoil won against Texaco, which resulted in Texaco filing for bankruptcy, (Simkins & Ramirez, 2008) has made it clear to many companies the dangers to making themselves vulnerable to such types of litigation. Risk management includes ensuring the security of any and all client and personnel information, which avoids this information becoming accessible to any unauthorized persons, in or outside the company. Maintaining this standard would require steps such as heightening the encryption programs that protect such information within the company’s database and en suring access to this information is protected against network attacks by hackers and neglectful actions by employees. Protection of the vital information entrusted to the company by its employees and clientele will prevent the eventuality of negative actions being rendered against the company due to damages suffered by individuals whose information was made vulnerable as a result of this breach of security. Affecting routines that protect customers from having their private information made public exemplifies good corporate governance, which is an integral aspect of maintaining a successful company. This is a vital aspect of good risk management because it protects the company’s assets, which is the ultimate purpose of risk management procedures. Risk management procedures, adeptly implemented, would incorporate procedures that would avoid negligent actions like the lack of thought that allowed Google to publish the private details of customer invoices by encrypting the data in an inaccessible database. Taking steps to protect the resources of the company, which is the customers and their information, will also protect the reputation and integrity of the company and prevent the advent of undue risks such as the one currently facing the company. Risk management procedures seek to avoid the occurrence of negligent actions by anticipating them and taking whatever measures necessary to avoid them altogether. These preventative measures protect

Theory of demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theory of demand - Term Paper Example As the price of goods and services rise, the quantity demand by consumers goes down. Siddiqui (35) further describes demand as that effective desire which can be satisfied meaning that desires are simply imaginations. It is required that the demand commodity should be available at a certain place, time, and price. Demand must satisfy the following requirements; desire for the specific commodity; sufficient resources to purchase the desired commodity; willingness to spend the resources; and the availability of the commodity. In addition, demand can also be used to measure or predict the quantity of commodities and services which the buyers would be motivated to buy in a market at a given time and at a given place. The changes in the price of the commodities that are related to that which a consumer uses affects the market demand for it and an example of this would be the price of margarine (which the consumer does not normally use) is much lower than the price of butter. Inevitably, the consumer will decide to go for the cheaper product although their preference lies with the more expensive one. The demand for certain commodities may also be affected by the changes of the income of potential buyers, for example, if the income of a buyer is reduced, then he will opt to purchase cheaper commodities in line with his diminished income; but if the income is increased, then the buyer’s demand for the same product at higher prices will increase significantly. The future expectations of buyers almost alw ays have a tendency of influencing the market demand of a product and this is usually displayed by considering the income security of potential buyers. If a potential buyer is confident in his belief that his future income will be stable, the he is more likely to spend more in buying both the commodities that he needs and wants. If however his future income is very insecure,

Was Theodore Roosevelt a great, average, or poor president in your Assignment

Was Theodore Roosevelt a great, average, or poor president in your judgment Explain. or - Assignment Example Economic Reforms: During the early 1900’s businesses had acquired a rapid growth rate. This led to a few large corporations establishing monopolies which meant these corporations were able to control entire industries. These corporations sold their merchandise at lower prices forcing small business owners into bankruptcy. In 1902, President Roosevelt instructed his attorney general to file a lawsuit against one such corporation; the Northern Securities. The government won the law suits which lead to the break-up of Northern Securities. In his term President Roosevelt filed additional 45 lawsuits, in an attempt to break up the monopolies. Further, in 1903 the Bureau of Corporations was established. It was tasked to decide which corporations were ‘Good’ and which were ‘Bad’. President Roosevelt also worked to better the lives of workers by improving employee conditions. In 1902, some 140,000 coal mine workers went on strike. They were forced to live and work in inhuman conditions, in addition they were forced to live in company housing and shop at company stores. The workers demanded 20 percent raise in their wages and a reduction from 10 hour shifts to 8 hour shifts. The workers and the companies had reached a stalemate, as neither workers nor companies were willing to make concessions. President Roosevelt was forced to intervene in order to resolve the crisis.

Short answer essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short answer questions - Essay Example A perfect example was in 1947 in America by Clyfford Still. In Europe, there was â€Å"Popular Art† that was started in the early 1960s by Lichtenstein, Hamilton, Ramos and Indiana. The movement also was too elitist and celebrated the postwar consumer culture. An example in Europe was Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl in 1963. The responses by the artist in Europe and those in America are similar as the world is viewed but they differ a bit in their expression. 2. Using at least two examples, discuss the way in which the word "freedom" figured for American modernist artist, and critics after 1945, and how this might be understood to compromise these artists identification with the avant-garde. Draw on at least two specific examples in your discussion. Freedom being the state of doing according to one’s wishes was clear in American modernist artists. It is evident that after the World War II in 1945, artist used the freedom they obtained to express their work in a new creative way. This was clear in New York where artist who were freed from Europe came to practice their work. A perfect example was Going West by Jackson Pollock in 1934-5 in America. Another example of works in America at this time is The Betrothal II by Arshile Gorky in 1947. The freedom of expressing art in this era made artist to start portraying the forbidden pictures in the society. This is because of their compromise to the avant-garde. An example in Europe is the forbidden pictures: Homage to Otto Dix by Larry Fink in 2001. Action painting- it is a style of painting where the paint is smeared onto a canvas by the artist. One of the images that action painting is the Photograph of Jackson Pollock Working by Hans Namuth in 1950. Also, Pollock did another art work by the name One (number 31) in

GENSTAT Analysis of Variance of Two Seed Statistics Project

GENSTAT Analysis of Variance of Two Seed - Statistics Project Example Nevertheless, their growth started declining drastically and then again increased steadily as depicted in the above graph. Conversely, unaged declined steadily in the initial stages of seedbed preparation then started increasing steadily. This implies that preparation process impacted negatively on the growth of the unaged seeds. Seed preparation directly correlates to the seedling aging. There is the relatively higher frequency with the unaged seeds as compared to the aged seeds. Therefore, this confirms the results of the ANOVA that there are more seedlings with unaged seeds as compared to aged seeds. Conversely, unaged declined steadily in the initial stages of seedbed preparation then started increasing steadily. This implies that preparation process impacted negatively on the growth of the unaged seeds. Seed preparation directly correlates to the seedling aging. There is the relatively higher frequency with the unaged seeds as compared to the aged seeds. Therefore, this confirms the results of the ANOVA that there are more seedlings with unaged seeds as compared to aged seeds.

Theories of Exchange Rate Determination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Theories of Exchange Rate Determination - Essay Example Infact before exploring various exchange rate models it is worth looking at how a wrong assessment of the exchange rate can cause difficulties where as in the past various corporations have dealt with and suffered the burnt of foreign currency transaction risk. Millman(1990,1995) gives some interesting examples in his research work. One example he gives is of Lufthansa,the German airline which when contracted with Boeing to purchase aircrafts in the 1980's ,the value of the dollar was rising. The price of the aircrafts were set in dollars. Lufthansa feared that the dollar would strengthen and the cost in . Deutsche marks would increase the cost of the planes. Therefore it entered into forward contracts for the dollars required to pay for the planes.Contray to expectations the dollar weakened. Due to its wrong speculation forward contracts cost Lufthansa $140 to $160 million more for the aircrafts that they would have if they had bought the dollars on the spot market(Millman 1990). Although then there is no reliable way to counter forex risk in foreign markets it now worth looking at the various exchange rate models and how they have shaped forex and macroeconomic policies to avoid unexpected risks especially in financially volatile markets much affected by political repercussions and unpredictable events. Introduction to forex theory and its determination There are various theories of exchange rates which tend to produce various estimates of the exchange rate .This is not mainly due to the application of different theories however as varying econometric methods may also cause this variation and this has also caused doubt as to their efficacy and credibility as reliable estimates of a country's forex reserves. In this vein my paper will explore three of the existing theories pertaining to forecasting the exchange rate movements in the light of their empirical and micro foundations. This will be discussed according to their preconditions, implications and advantages and disadvantages. PPP approach Firstly we have the purchasing power parity approach to the exchange rate which has empirically found a lot of support and has influenced a lot of economic thought. The crux of this approach lies

Perspectives on Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perspectives on Operations Management - Essay Example An efficient operations strategy can help the business entities to win the race and stand at top of the crowd in competitive environment. Operations Strategies for new Wal-Mart store X Company is the chain of independent retail outlets in Hartwell in Essex and opening a new Wal-Mart store at edge of the town. The advice is needed about the potential operation strategy in response to the recent opening of Wal-Mart store. I have prepared a plan for the future business operation strategy for the new Wal-Mart store. There are some extracts of my research are mentioned below Operational Strategy According to many successful financial advisors, Operations strategy for any business has a direct impact on the profitability levels and corporate strategy. Structural design is the main element of the operations strategy. As the Company X is running its business as a retail outlet and want to set the new business operation strategy for new Wal-Mart store. There are some key points for the struct ural design of new operations strategy. Meet the target demand: As the company is opening its new Wal-Mart store at the edge of Essex. So the target customers are the people of Essex. In addition, the company can take advantage form the new customers because of the location of new Wal-Mart store. It is clear that, the company is going to meet with the high level of customer demand. In this case, the company need to ensure first that it have the capability to meet with the high level of demands. For this purpose, company should access the target demand level and take certain steps to meet with the target demand. Cost of the products: If the company want to win the competitive race, then it should set the prices of their products that are unbeatable. Management should set the prices that provide the good value for their products. Services: The management of the new Wal-Mart store should ensure to provide the high quality services to potential customer. The management should provide th e services according to the customers’ necessity. Use of Technology: In current modern trends, technology is referred as a primary toll for an efficient operations strategy. In the case of retail business technology can be used in effective manner to manage the day to day operations of the business. For example, use of security cameras to keep an eye on any unusual activity or use of bar code reader to track all the sales in efficient manner. Layout and design of new Wal-Mart store: The secret of efficient operations strategy for any retail business lies in the layout and design of retail outlet. That’s why the management of the new Wal-Mart store should set a catchy layout and design for its new store that will save the time of potential customers. The layout should be in such way that enables the customer to access all the necessary things easily. The management should set the service layout that can create an open shopping environment that helps the customers to fin d the things what they are looking for quickly. Selection of Employees: Selection of staff for new Wal-Mart store is one of the primary factors that can help to develop good operations strategy. Skilled and trained staff can help to manage the routine operations in more appropriate

EDU 330 Special Education Foundations and Framework Benchmark Assessment Essay Example for Free

EDU 330 Special Education Foundations and Framework Benchmark Assessment Essay The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has granted that placement options be available to better meet the needs of students. (Classroom Leadership, 2001) To better meet these requirements, educators have strived to make every effort to place students with and without disabilities in environments where they can learn, grow, and be successful. Each student is placed according to their individual needs, abilities, qualities, and level of services needed. Placing students in their correct environment is essential for obtaining a quality education. Today, there are many resourceful classrooms that are aimed at the specific abilities and disabilities of students. In these types of classrooms, students are better equipped to get the help they need. There are also related services within the school and the community that are aimed at offering support to families with disabilities. When students are placed in the correct environments, teachers can strategically help connect students and their families to these resources, and also integrate assistive technologies into the curriculum to support student learning abilities. When it comes to effectively placing student’s collaboration is key to assessing the type of environment that is presumed to be best for students. Educational environments affect teaching and learning, therefore the classroom environment must be designed to support the individual needs of students. A few types of classroom environments used in K-12 education include inclusion, self-contained, and resource rooms. The inclusion model allows students to participate in regular educational settings, and receive supported help by the inclusion teacher therein. The inclusion model is essential for increasing social  networking skills, developing behavior and academic skills through peer role-modeling, improving student achievement of IEP goals, and helping students acquire skills with the general education curriculum. The inclusion model is great for students who have mild learning disabilities, and those who are progressing consistently to a degree, where little or no help is needed. Based off of the student’s unique needs, the inclusion model is a great teaching environment, along with the self-contained education environment. In the self-contained classroom environment, students with disabilities are granted the  ability to receive much more one-on-one help given their unique disabilities. In this type of setting, educators receive additional specialized training to be able to aid students in making learning a success for students with disabilities, who are not able to participate in regular educational classroom settings. Students who learn at a slower pace, as a result of a learning disability, or uses modifications to lessons to acquire learning, a self-contained classroom may be beneficial. Nonetheless, resource educational environments may aide this same situation. In many cases, If a student is not mobile (using a wheelchair), have  severe disabilities like severe cerebral palsy, it may be beneficial to the student to participate in a resource classroom environment. Resource classroom environments focus on the student’s direct disability based on their IEP. They are potentially designed to be smaller for students to be able to get the one-on-one help they need yet still experience the social interaction with peers. Given the types of educational settings that were previously discussed, in the case of Gabriel, a kindergartener who battles cerebral palsy and has limited mobility it is necessary to place Gabriel in a resource room, to receive exceptional academic  training. Because, Gabriel is tub fed and has to use a diaper it is easier for instructors of a resource room to provide him his necessary needs, as they focus directly on the direct disability of students. Furthermore, it is concluded that Gabriel may not succeed in a regular educational setting, or a self-contained classroom setting because of his verbal inability. Although, he is able to communicate through a few eye movements, it is not enough to gain the benefits of a self-contained classroom, a regular education classroom, even though inclusion models. It is the  opinion of the author that Gabriel will better succeed in a resource room, where he will receive additional resources as physical therapy, to help him gain muscle strength to grasp things and even a speech therapist to help him gain control over his vocals. When it comes to exceptional education, there are many different related resources for students inside, and out of the school system. As for Gabriel, cerebral palsy or CP can mean life-long treatment. Generally, CP patients require 24-hour care. Therefore, in Gabriel’s case, eating, breathing, and moving freely can be a  challenge especially when trying to live independently, or study independently in an inclusion classroom, or self-contained environment. For this reason, educators may want to consider other related services, or services to assist their students with severe disabilities. Although, student have disabilities educators are still required to utilize these related services in order to provide those students with the best education possible. Most services are available to children in the public school system. While others can be accessed in the local community. However, there are related services abroad for students in public,  private, early education and head start school systems. Related services, in the terms of the educational setting of choice, calls for the special education classroom to utilize resources as assistive technology devices like wheelchairs, much physical therapy, and speech and language pathology services. Individuals who work to develop speech abilities in students who have communication impairments can effectively provide treatment to students like Gabriel, by showing them how to communicate with others. Furthermore, it is also beneficial to provide students like Gabriel with a physical therapist, who can work  through movement to help gain muscle control and movement. Nonetheless, teachers strive to develop independency in students of this type of educational setting, by providing assistive technology to encourage independent learning. Assistive technology for advancing communication with nonverbal students is made possible through devices, such as the DynaVox. This device can also be used to assess students like Gabriel to ensure they are understanding simple communication skills. Given the student’s abilities, it is necessary for educators to plan lessons and activities using a student’s IEP goals as guidelines. Then, during instruction time use many visuals and demonstrations, and even prompt the students for feedback. Moreover, in situations like Gabriel’s it is essential to students to use the co-teaching model To conclude, each type of educational setting discussed have significant roles in providing exceptional educational outcomes for students with disabilities. Whether a student is receiving training through inclusive model learning, self-contained strategies, or resource models of learning students are capable of receiving exceptional learning abilities and skills to build off of. It is a given, that all  types of educational settings has its pros and cons. However, it is believed that each type of environment has is benefits to support students in individual development. References Classroom Leadership (2001) Resource vs. Inclusion Classrooms; which is best for Students? Retrieved 8/17/14 from http://www. examiner. com/article/resource-vs-inclusion-classrooms-which-is-be st-for-students Council for Exceptional Children, (2014). Special Education Professional Ethical Principles and Practice Standards. Retrieved from http://www. cec. sped. org/Standards/Ethical-Principles-and-Practice-Standards.

Feudalism and New Social Order Essay Example for Free

Feudalism and New Social Order Essay Political turmoil and constant warfare led to the rise of the European feudalism, a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. During the Middle Ages invaders raised havoc all over Europe, and as a result people looked at local leaders for protection, causing kings to lose political power. A new social order was set up as well as a different economic system. Feudalism changed the economic, social, and political systems severely, and made the way we know the Middle Ages in Europe today. From about 800 to 1000 invasions tore apart Europe. Vikings terrorized locals with fearsome raids, Magyars attacked and captured locals to sell as slaves, and Muslims were out to conquer and settle Europe. The Vikings came from Scandinavia by huge ships that held up to 300 hundred warriors. These huge ships had 72 oars and held tons in weight, yet could still maneuver through waters as shallow as 3 feet, making it easier for them to invade inland villages and monasteries. The Vikings carried out with terrifying speeds. Their approach was to beach their ships and get what they wanted then leave. The Magyars invaded sometime in the late 800’s. They were nomadic people that attacked from the east from what is now Hungary. They were excellent horsemen and attacked isolated villages and monasteries. The Muslims struck from North Africa. Since they were superb seafarers they were able to attack settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. In the 600’s and 700’s there goal was to strictly conquer and settle. By the 800’s and 900’s they added plunder to their goals. Kings couldn’t effectively defend all the lands from these invasions, causing people to no longer look to a central ruler for protection. Local rulers who had their own armies gained political strength and power. During 850 to 950, the time of the worst years of the invaders’ attacks, agreements were made all over Europe to ensure security, thus, the start of feudalism. Feudalism structured society creating a pyramid of power and defined social classes. The feudal system was based on rights and obligation, so a lord granted land to a vassal in exchange for military protection. It all depended on the control of land. The structure of feudal society was much like a pyramid. The pyramid determined a person’s power. At the tip top was the king, then came church officials and nobles. Beneath them were the knights. Knights pledged to defend their lords’ land in exchange for fiefs. At the very bottom were the peasants. This feudal system enabled a cash-poor but land-rich lord to support a military force. But, in the end, the people were classified into only three different groups: those who fought (nobles and knights), those who prayed (people of the church), and those who worked (peasants). The social class you received was usually inherited. During the Middle Ages, the majority of people were peasants, and most peasants were serfs. Serfs could not lawfully leave the land they were born on, but weren’t slaves because their lord could not buy or sell them, but whatever their labor produced belonged to the lord. Feudalism had an economic side as well, the manorial system. The manor system was the basic economic arrangement during the middle ages. It as well rested on a set of rights and obligations, but between lords and serfs. Lords provided serfs with housing, farmland, and protection from bandits and in return serfs tended the lord’s lands and all other tasks needed to maintain the estate. All peasants owed the lord certain duties, whether they’re a serf or not. Usually it was a few days a week of labor and a portion of the grain. But generally, peasants didn’t within 25 miles of their own manor. They could walk out into the middle of the field and see their whole world. A manor covered about a few square miles of land, and it usually had the lord’s manor house, a church, and workshops. Typically, 15 to 30 families lives in the village on a manor. To live on the lord’s land all peasants paid a hefty price. They had to pay a tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill and a marriage tax to the lord. Plus a church tax to the priest. Due to the turmoil and constant warfare brought about by the invaders, a new political and economic system had emerged and made its’ mark. Feudalism ended the dark ages of European history by introducing order to the common persons life. it might not have been pretty, but feudalism helped restore order and a sense of community/lawfulness to the areas it was embraced by.

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is Osteoarthritis? Articular cartilage is a highly resilient hyaline tissue composed of chondrocytes and surrounded by extracellular matrix present in a joint which act as shock absorber, protects the bones from the friction and wear and helps in smooth movement of the joint (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint where lack of cartilage causes musculoskeletal pain and restriction of the movement or disability of the joint for the patient. (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Reasons for cartilage damage are: The impact / blow caused during sport activities or accident Wear and tear because of overuse of a joint (Observed in elderly people) Lack of movement (Medical News Today, 2017) Figure No.1. Osteoarthritis Affected Region Image Source: www.osteoosteoOsteoarthritisresearchuk.org Osteoarthritis can affect any joint present in the body. As the knee-joint Osteoarthritis is the most common type of Osteoarthritis, in this report, we will discuss about knee-joint Osteoarthritis only. Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral are the two articular surfaces that the knee consists of. As it can be seen in the below image, the damaged cartilage, reduces the gap between joint and friction is generated between the bones which ultimately results in bone erosion and causes muscle pain or inflammation or restriction to the movement. Figure No.2. Osteoarthritis affected Knee Image Source: http://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/o/Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect 250 million people worldwide. Osteoarthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. And according to World Health Organization, 30% of men and women over the age of 65 have Osteoarthritis (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Worldwide, 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over the age of 60 years have symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Approximately 80% of those with Osteoarthritis will have limitations in movement, and 25% cannot perform their major activities of daily life (Duthey, 2015). Figure No.3. Prevalence of Osteoarthritis of Knee Image Source: Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions, Bulletin of the WHO 2003 1.2 Treatments available for Osteoarthritis: There are various ways to cure Osteoarthritis when it is at the initial level, such as: Exercise and weight loss Bracing Medication Viscosupplementation Nutritional supplements (Duthey, 2015). But when it becomes incurable by exercise and medication, surgical operations must be performed. Surgical procedures include: Debridement i.e. Smoothening of the cartilage using surgical instruments Marrow Stimulation, a treatment which helps in regrowth of cartilage in the joint (but this process is less reliable) (Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis in the Knee, 2017). Mosaicplasty, a process where the cartilage from some other joint of body is used. But this process has size limitations (Medical News Today, 2017). Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, a treatment in which a small part of no-load bearing cartilage is removed from the joint of the patient by Arthroscopy, regrown and multiplied in the laboratory and then implanted back in the body by a procedure called arthrotomy. (Cartilage Repair, 2017) (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Even though the Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation seems effective and easy, it has many disadvantages such as: The patients cartilage sample must be removed by a medical procedure, marked/tagged and treated separately just like blood sample. This treatment requires big Logistics and Supply Chain. It requires a lot of time (approximately 6 weeks) for cells to multiply. Hence, till then the patient will suffer from pain (Peretti et al. 2000). 1.3 Proposed Treatment for Osteoarthritis: All these problems can be solved by Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell. For autologous transplant donor and receiver are same, whereas for allogeneic transplant, the donor and the receiver are different. The selection of the donor must be done carefully cause if the tissue type, i.e. HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) doesnt match, the patients body will treat the transplanted organ or tissue as a foreign body. It might result in GVHD i.e. Graft Vs Host Disease. It is a fatal immune system response against stem cell transplant (Si et al. 2011). Selection of donor for allogeneic transplant: Syngeneic (i.e. Twins) It is the perfect HLA match, but very few people have a twin. HLA- matched relative (sibling) It is the second preferred option as HLA will be closely matched. HLA-matched unrelated donor, it can be possible to find a donor whose HLA matches to the patient. HLA-mismatched family member, even though the HLA doesnt match, it has great chance that patients body may accept it. Umbilical cord blood, stem cells retrieved during birth of the patient and preserved in a cell bank. It will be safest of all but stem cells must be available (Flomenberg et al. 2004). Hence, allogeneic implant will make sure that the patient wont have to undergo two medical procedures, as seen in autologous chondrocyte implantation. 1.4 What are HMSCs? HMSC means Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. They are multipotent cells, which have the ability to transform into bone, muscle, fat or cartilage, etc. upon the proper simulation of providing environmental conditions in the laboratory. They have potential for regeneration (Si et al. 2011) (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011) (Wei, 2013). Figure No.4. Potential of MSCs Image Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241215.php Figure No.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Image Source: http://www.cytopeutics.com/IntroductionOfStemCells.html For knee restoration, cartilage cells are needed. Hence, the MSCs will be simulated for cartilage development. MSCs exists in almost all tissues. These cells can be easily obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord cells and molar cells, fetal liver, muscle, and lung (Ahmed and Hincke, 2014) (Si et al. 2011). 1.5 Product delivery to the Patient: For blood transfusion, the blood group and presence of Rh factor is checked and the matching blood is introduced into the body. Similarly, after checking the tissue (HLA) match, the best matching cells are chosen and regrown exponentially in the controlled environment of a laboratory. When the required number of cells, shape, and size is achieved, the cartilage is implanted into the patient via an open joint surgery named arthrotomy. This implanted cartilage will function exactly as that of the original cartilage. This cartilage will function properly for approximately 10 years (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). 1.7 Functioning of the product in the patients body: Since, the HLA was matched, and the cartilage is manufactured using MSCs which has the same functional properties and characteristics that of the original cartilage, the function of the joint will return to normal. There wont be any complication after the treatment and that graft will be accepted by the body as a part of it, it wont be treated as a foreign body. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY REVIEW: 2.1 Current Manufacturing Technology and Scope for Future: Currently, the knee restoration is done via other surgical procedures. But because of those procedures have many limitations and they give only temporary relief, allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy will replace them in the coming time. Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy is currently under development. Various tests are being performed on them in the laboratory (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). First, the bone marrow or adipose tissue or cord sample is collected from the donor. Then the mesenchymal stem cells are separated out from other cells, such as fat or muscle by centrifugation or apheresis. These two density separation processes are feasible only for liquid. For the extraction from solid tissues, the slices of tissue are digested by the enzymes such as trypsin or collagenase. It breaks the bonding of cells i.e. the extracellular matrix (ECM) that holds the cells. Hence, the cell line is found (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011). Then the cells are harvested. During the cell culture process, there are various parameters that need to be monitored, little inconsistency will result in subnormal product or it might be just a waste of product. Temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH level of the cell culture reagent, nutrient supply and waste removal are the physical parameters and cell count and cell viability are the biological parameters that need to be monitored (Schwamb, Puskeiler and Wiedemann, 2015). Once the desired number of cells is achieved, boundary for CMB (Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies) is set. Then the cells are condensed to increase the seeding density as the cartilage requires higher seeding density. Then the fusion of the CMB happens. Now this fused CMB is pressurized against a porous decellularized bone matrix to create dense cellular region i.e. cartilage (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). As the knee joint is a mechanical tissue, physical stimulation is needed for its development. However, excessive stimulation can lead to cartilage damage (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). Cartilage then sticks to the surface of that bone matrix and takes its shape while growing around it. Then it is removed from the bone matrix to implant into the knee joint of the patient (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Figure No.6. Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies Fusion Image Source: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6940.abstract Currently, only culture plates and culture flasks are being used for allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells as it is still in testing phase (Schwamb, Puskeiler, and Wiedemann, 2015). Figure No.7. Culture flasks and plates Image Source: https://www.shutterstock.com But monitoring all these parameters becomes very hard when using flasks and plates. And the cells need to be shifted into bigger containers frequently. Also, flasks and plates are not useful for mass production because of size limitation and economic consideration. Hence, a device named bioreactor can replace them and still perform all those tasks efficiently. Figure No.8. Bioreactor for mass Cell Culture Image Source: http://www.bioc.rice.edu/bios576/nih_bioreactor/NDL_Bioreactor%20Page.html It is a container which is feasible for both aerobic and anaerobic cell culture and can be used for suspended as well as immobilized cells (Sandhya Anand, 2017). It can be operated in batch, fed batch and continuous mode. As MSCs are surface anchorage dependent, the extra agitation or stirring might result in damage to the tissue. And the MSCs require oxygen to grow, so it will be an aerobic, immobilized, batch production bioreactor. (Martin, Wendt and Heberer, 2004) (Oragui, Nannaparaju and Khan, 2011). 2.2 Challenges in mass production of MSCs: Large scale in vitro expansion of MSCs is very complex because maintaining cells quality attributes such as identity, potency, purity and safety is extremely hard. It is hard to monitor that the cells are not undergoing any quality changes while expansion and harvesting. Another challenge is obtaining required no of cells and their recovery. MSCs are not suspension type, but anchorage dependent therefore the surface area for anchorage and proliferation must be taken into account. As allogeneic treatments are supposed to be for a lot of people, hence the required no of cells must be extremely large. There are 3 major and 3 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class I and 3 major and 2 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class II. So, there are lots of variants to manufacture and maintain for the cartilage manufacturer. 2.3 Clinical Demand for Dosage: Even though there are 250 million people suffering from Osteoarthritis and 3.6% of them are suffering from knee Osteoarthritis i.e. 9 million people. More than 600,000 knee replacements are performed each year in the United States alone (A Nation in Motion, 2017). In UK 160,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed every year (Joint replacement statistics, 2017). As the cartilage manufactured in the laboratory exhibit almost similar properties that to the natural cartilage, it is expected to last approximately 50-60 years (i.e. Average human life) if there are no unexpected tragedies. Hence, once treated properly, the patient wont have to worry about the joint in his life again. 2.4 Supply Chain for Product: Figure No.9. Formation of Master Cell Bank First the cell line is chosen for culturing, it can be a well-known cell line or a newly found cell line. After certain passages, when the desired number of cells is achieved, the Master Cell Bank will be established. In this case, many Master Cell Banks are needed as there are many types of tissues. Then one portion of master cell bank will be used for research purpose, i.e. the working cell bank and the rest will be cryopreserved for future use. Good manufacturing practice protocol should be followed during cell culturing. Figure No.10. Clinical Process for Cell Culturing The working cell bank will be used for manufacturing of cells for mass production after testing is performed. Several production runs (i.e. Passages) will be performed to obtain the required number of cells. Then the cells will be cryopreserved in central storage and distributed via local channels until there is a patient who needs them. 2.5 Risk Assessment: The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent transmission of diseases, and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. In many countries, the performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement. (University of Manitoba) Risk Impact Probability of Occurrence Mitigation Strategy Tissue/cell origin Rejection of Cells Low Thorough testing of cell line Lack of Donor History Transmission of Disease Low Choosing a donor carefully Mismatch of HLA Graft vs Host Disease Intermediate Careful matching of HLA Environmental Changes Change in cell Quality High Close monitoring of environmental conditions Plasma Derived Material Cell line contamination with unwanted cells High Proper filtration of MSCs (Herberts, Kwa and Hermsen, 2011) 2.6 Biosafety Measure: Depending upon the as the product is human derived, Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment and facilities are chosen. It is most suitable for clinical, diagnostic and teaching purposes. Laboratory personnel must maintain hygiene while entering and exiting the lab. Decontaminated of potentially infectious material must be done before disposal, either by a disinfectant, or by autoclaving. Personal protective equipment is only required when there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous material. The laboratory must be isolated from the general building. Laboratory personnel must be trained in handling pathogenic agents. Access to the laboratory should be limited during the work. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment should be used and the rest can be performedÂÂ   on the open bench. Biosafety level 2 is suitable for indigenous moderate-risk agents. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, human derived blood, body fluid, tissues, or primary cell lines (Inc, 2017). PROCESS MAP AND CELL GROWTH ANALYSIS: 3.1 Process Map: Figure No.11. Process Map for HMSC Therapy Process Description: Cell lines are created/chosen for each type of tissue (HLA). Shipping of the tissue sample to cell therapy processing facility. HMSC isolation and culturing in culture chambers (manual production using culture flask or culture plate) or bioreactor is performed. Fresh HMSCs are then tested for various parameters such as identity, potency, purity and safety, the modifications are done. Aliquoting of HMSC samples (i.e. Master Cell Bank) is done. Freezing and storage at -196 ÂÂ °C in Vapor Liquid Nitrogen (i.e. Cryopreservation) for future reference and use is done (Inc, 2017). Cells are thawed i.e. their temperature is brought up to normal room temperature and further increased to 37 ÂÂ °C (Normal Body Temperature) for best cell growth result (Inc, 2017). Cell characterization per release Criteria for Thawed HMSCs Expansion of thawed HMSCs using an incubator and/or bioreactor for production. Activation of HMSCs into final cell therapy product. Shipping of final product to medical treatment centre. Implantation of the cartilage into the patient by open joint surgery, i.e. arthrotomy (Harel, 2013). Cell Growth Analysis: As there are many types of tissues (HLA), testing for all of them must be performed and validated. Hence, the whole process will be repeated several times for each type of cells. Input Data: Desired seeding density= 1 million/ml Duration of Passage= 72 hours Doubling Time= 36 hours Efficiency= 80% (Average efficiency) Input Vial contains= 1.00E+09 cells Dose per Patient= 1.00E+09 cells =1 vial of dose Growth Rate= Ln (2) /Doubling Time= 0.019254 Seeding Density 1,000,000 Passage Duration 72 Doubling Time 36 Efficiency 0.8 Input Vial 1.00E+09 Growth Rate 0.019254 Phase 1 15 Patients Flask Dose Per Patient 1.00E+09 T25 MCB Creation Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note T75 Thaw 1.00E+09 800.00 8.00E+08 All Flask of Same Size T175 Passage 1 700 6.40E+08 2560.00 2.56E+09 4*T175 T500 Passage 2 2500 2.05E+09 8192.00 8.19E+09 5*T500 T650 Passage 3 7800 6.55E+09 26214.40 2.62E+10 6*T1300 T1300 Passage 4 26000 2.10E+10 83886.08 8.39E+10 1*T26000 T3250 T6500 T26000 MCBs Created 21.51 Equivalent Vials 83.89 Cells Per 5-Layer flask 3.90E+09 Phase 1 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Dosages 3.27E+01 2.62E+01 For Phase 1 Testing 21 Master Cell Banks will be created in a 5-layer flask (T3250). It would be equivalent to the size of 83.89 input vials after 4 passages. From those 21 cell banks, 1 will be thawed and the rest will be cryopreserved. That 1 cell bank will be chosen as working cell bank and will be harvested for production. During Phase 1, treating 30 patients will be the target. Hence, 30 vials of doses should be manufactured during phase one. Every time 20% loss of cells is considered while changing the flask. And During passages, exponential growth will take place. Formula for Exponential Growth is: The Ideal surface area is calculated by: Flask size was kept uniform during every passage. And Actual Surface Area was always chosen less than Ideal Surface Area to maintain the desired density and environment. Flask of capacity 5-Layer was chosen for MCB creation. Calculations for MCB, Number of doses, After successful testing of phase 1, phase 2 will begin where 300 patients will be treated. So, 300 vials of cells will be required. PHASE 2 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Dosages 3.35E+02 For Phase 2 Testing After successful testing of phase 1 and phase 2, phase 3 will begin when mass production will start and 100s of 1000s of people will be treated with allogeneic HMSC derived cartilage. PHASE 3 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Passage 5 312000 2.68E+11 1072285.63 1.07E+12 12*T26000 Passage 6 1066000 8.58E+11 3431314.00 3.43E+12 41*T26000 Passage 7 3406000 2.75E+12 10980204.81 1.10E+13 131*T26000 Dosages 1.10E+04 For Phase 3 Since, there are 7 passages the process to manufacture 11000 vials will require approximately 25 (considered an extra time for changing flask) days. And at that rate 15 batches will be produced per year and approximately 165000 patients can be treated per year. As there are 6 types of tissues (HLA) total number of patients treated will be 990000 approximately. It will be equivalent to 11% of global demand. Using Bioreactor for Phase 3: Instead of using Culture flasks or plates, a bioreactor can be used for cell culturing. To check which of these two techniques will be more efficient, all the parameters are kept same. And total time of 7 passages will be considered as one passage time for bioreactor. Passage Duration 504 Doubling Time 36 PHASE

The Hero of Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Hero of Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, stands head and shoulders above all the other characters in the play – he is that noble in thought and action. This essay will portray the true and complete Hamlet.    As the future king of Denmark, the hero is expected to maintain a good working relationship with the present king, Claudius. But this is not so. Even before the apparition of the ghost, Hamlet has a very sour relationship with his uncle and stepfather, Claudius. Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes this attitude on the part of the protagonist:    Hamlet is still wearing black in mourning for his father’s death, and his uncle chides him gently for what he feels is an undue show of grief. But the king can get no answer from Hamlet, who throws him one brief sentence and then addresses all his remarks to his mother; and it is his mother, the queen, who persuades him not to go back to the university again but to stay at Elsinore (35-36).    Chute describes the opening scene of the drama: â€Å"For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father. [. . .] The hour comes, and the ghost walks† (35). Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet. There is a social gathering of the court, where Claudius pays tribute to the memory of his deceased brother, the former king, and then conducts some items of business. Hamlet is there dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. His first words say that Claudius is "A little more than kin ... ...World of Hamlet.† Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York: Oxford University P., 1967.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Minister without a Pulpit :: Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit Essays

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit Harriet Beecher Stowe uses characterization and a tragic situation to portray the contrast of the bourgeois and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a little girl whose mother has just died. The descriptions of her are vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the little girl is referred to as â€Å" ‘ere,† â€Å"beautiful little girl of seven years,† â€Å"little girl,† â€Å"little one,† and â€Å"child.† Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is Eglantine Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects Eglantine’s position in society after her mother’s death. Stowe uses vague words like â€Å"child† to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of Miss Asphyxia’s demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a high status with her mother and brother Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with â€Å"money enough† to pay for her mother’s funeral. The loss of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirely to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she â€Å"wants to play.† Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother â€Å"always brushed them [her curls] out everyday.† She refuses Miss Asphyxia’s authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes more and more submissive to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like. Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a working woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a â€Å"working machine, always wound up and going.† She understood that â€Å"nature had made her†¦entirely for use.† She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and efficient uses. The use of Miss Asphyxia’s name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although it seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story. Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit :: Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit Essays Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit Harriet Beecher Stowe uses characterization and a tragic situation to portray the contrast of the bourgeois and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a little girl whose mother has just died. The descriptions of her are vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the little girl is referred to as â€Å" ‘ere,† â€Å"beautiful little girl of seven years,† â€Å"little girl,† â€Å"little one,† and â€Å"child.† Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is Eglantine Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects Eglantine’s position in society after her mother’s death. Stowe uses vague words like â€Å"child† to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of Miss Asphyxia’s demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a high status with her mother and brother Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with â€Å"money enough† to pay for her mother’s funeral. The loss of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirely to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she â€Å"wants to play.† Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother â€Å"always brushed them [her curls] out everyday.† She refuses Miss Asphyxia’s authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes more and more submissive to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like. Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a working woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a â€Å"working machine, always wound up and going.† She understood that â€Å"nature had made her†¦entirely for use.† She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and efficient uses. The use of Miss Asphyxia’s name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although it seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story.

Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers fc

It seems today that eating disorders are on the rise. While this may be true, the numbers may appear to grow only because more cases are being brought out into the open. The purpose of this paper is to discuss eating disorders and prove the these disease, specifically Anorexia Nervosa, continue to plague of women due to psychological and environmental factors along with pressure from the media. The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† is misleading. It means â€Å"loss of appetite due to nerves.† But people with anorexia don’t actually lose their appetite until the late stages of their starvation. Until, they do feel hungry, but they just won’t eat. People affected by anorexia have an extreme fear of gaining weight. In addition to drastic dieting, they may resort to vomiting and the use of laxatives and diuretics to lose weight. Statistics show that many teens and young adults suffer from anorexia nervosa. Without treatment, anorexia nervosa can cause serious heal th problems--even death! The sooner treatment begins the better the chances for a full recovery. The person with another anorexia is a model child. He/She is well behaved, eager to please, and a good student who gets along well with her peers. She rarely admits that anything is wrong or that anything is wrong or that she/he extra helps. Behind the mask is an insecure, self-critical perfectionist who feels unworthy of any praises she receives. A person who has anorexia is also very concerned about whether other people like her. Occasionally, she feels that there’s something wrong with her- that she’s bad or that her thoughts are disgusting. (PennSAHIC) One interpretation of an eating disorder is termed as a relationship between the person and food the appears abnormal. Anorexia Nervosa is one of the most prevalent eating disorder decease. The definition of Anorexia, Dr. Barton J. Blinder gives an interpretation similar to this: Anorexia is an all-encompassing pursuit of thinness, occurring most often in adolescents and young adult woman. This is accomplished by avoidance of eating by any means possible. The person affected by Anorexia has an absolutely terrifying fear of becoming obese. In short, â€Å"food becomes the enemy;† one researcher described Anorexia as â€Å"weight phobia.† (noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/eatdisorders.html) Some experts believe that a fear of growing up is the root of the problem. Other experts see the d... ...l keep their body into shape. Parents do not like to see children being teased because of their weight so they try to keep them fit. Sometime the stress from the parents and/or if there is any physical or sexual abuse in the family, the child in this situation may lead to an eating disorder to have a way to control something in their life. In conclusion, Anorexia Nervosa greatly affects all that are touched by it. Close family members and friends go through fighting battle with the person helping to serve this deathful battle. The information in this paper is just touching briefly on what can happen to someone with this disease called Anorexia. It is important that people are aware of these problems, know how to spot eating disorders, and help someone else or themselves overcome something like Anorexia. Works Cited: Matthews, John R. Eating Disorders. New York: Facts on file Inc. 1990 http://noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/eatdisorder.html Self-Help & Psychology Magazine- written by Lee H offman, Office of Scientific Inf., NIH Publication No. 94-3477, 1993. http://www.cybertowers.com/selfhelp/article/eating/nih/anorexia.html PennSAHIC booklet by Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1996 edition.

Development of New Space Vehicles for Future Space Tourism

A lot of people nowadays consider ordinary space travel and tourism as an outlandish vision for the next century and for the upcoming future. On the other hand, scientists and futurists say that space tourism is a possible subject and possibility that current aeronautics and space science will lead to in the next few years. Other people view space tourism as a complete waste of resources given the multitude of earthbound problems that needs to be solved before having a nice flight back and forth from space. In spite of all these foreseen problems, space tourism is a reality that many people await and envision. These people comprise of visionaries and business men who are currently building the required facilities to make space tourism possible and who also have the courage to believe in the idea that space tourism can be a reality.Space tourism is essentially spaceflight which has been funded by personal interests for the purposes of personal satisfaction. Likewise, space tourism is very similar to any tourist vacation in the Bahamas or in the Caribbean or in any destination in Earth. Some of the personal reasons for spending on space tourism comprise the very unique experience of having been into space, the experience of weightlessness, the ability to view the curvature and disk of the earth, as well as the status of having been one of the few people who have been space tourists.ObjectivesTo be able to gain knowledge from the space travel and tourism. To be able to explore the different possibilities in travelling through space. To be able to assess and evaluate current space travel methods and technology available today. To be able to assess the output of space tourism as a business. To be able to identify the problems encountered as a consequence to space travel and tourism proposals. To be able to briefly name and briefly discuss the possible future technologies for space travel. Literature CitedSpace Tourism is the term that's come to be used to mean ordin ary members of the public buying tickets to travel to space and back. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and it's now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target for business today.(Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)The first steps will just be short sub-orbital flights, like Alan Sheppard made in 1961, since these are easier than getting to orbit. But the technical know-how to make passenger launch vehicles and orbiting hotel accommodation is available, and there is enormous unsatisfied demand market research has revealed that most people, at least in the industrialized countries, would like to take a trip to space if it was possible. This gives huge scope for reducing the cost of space travel by large-scale operation like airlines. (Boyle, 2008)One of the main challenges is merely the conservatism of the space engineering as it is today. Since Sputnik w as launched in 1957 almost all space launches and activities are government related. This race to the space has created many activities that projected an image of space exploration and tourism which almost all people kept thinking about. People like – writers, journalists, politicians, scientists and engineers, and the general public give their own insights to the exploration of space and space tourism.Developing low-cost passenger launch vehicles is not just to create a pastime for the rich. In business, the companies that make big money are the ones that serve big markets. Like tourism on Earth, there will be a small expensive segment for the rich – but the great majority of space tourists will be middle-class customers – the greater majority of us. ( Dignan, 2008)The utilization of the space is endless but it is very much dependent on access. Until admittance will become cheap, we can't make use of the unlimited resources and supplies that are available in sp ace for us to have a solution to the problems of our over populated Earth. When the time comes that access will be cheap, admittance to space will much more be easier. Making space travel cheap will require large turnovers of cash and money. Tourism can generate the large-scale launch activity needed to reduce costs sufficiently to start to use space resources – and so it's one of the most important projects in the world today. ( Dignan, 2008)Commercial space activities today include satellites being used for communications, broadcasting and photography (remote sensing). But these are small businesses – no more than a few $billions per year – that will never need humans in space. So â€Å"commercial space activities† today are not leading towards space tourism. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Moreover, if certain companies and people would want a better space travel and tourism adventure, then we should expect that more technologies and activities related to building space vehicles and other will be put in to place.Some people say â€Å"Developing space tourism is very difficult, so it'll take a long time. Leave it to the government space agencies.† But the agencies already spend $25 billion per year on â€Å"space activities† – and they are not trying to develop launch vehicles that could open space up to the public. Barely 2% of their budgets are used for this purpose – although even just one year of their huge funding would be plenty! (Space.com, 2007)The Space Future is playing a vital part in the development of a more accessible space by collecting all the work needed. This includes technology, logistics and others critical factors for the exploration of space.Stages of Space TourismSimilar to any other business franchise, the moment that space tourism begins it will develop and improve dramatically. Today, we can only think of the different stages of space tourism once it gets started and all.. Begin ning with a small-scale and relatively expensive â€Å"pioneering stage†, the scale of activity will develop and prices will go down as it matures. Finally it will become a mass-market business, like airplanes today. (McKee, 2005)Pioneer StageThe phrase â€Å"space adventure travel† has been recommended by Gordon Woodcock of Boeing and is a convenient one to describe the first phase. Customers will be relatively few – from hundreds per year to thousands per year; prices will be lofty, $50,000 and up; and the service will be nearer to â€Å"adventure travel† than to extravagance hotel-style. Orbital accommodation will be safe but â€Å"spartan†. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Mature StageThis will see demand growing from thousands of passengers per year to hundreds of thousands per year. Tickets to orbit will cost less and flights will depart from many different airports. Orbital facilities will develop from being just clusters of pre-fabricated mod ules to large structures constructed in orbit for hundreds of guests, permitting a range of orbital entertainments. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Mass StageTicket prices will go down to the equivalent of a few $ thousand, and customers will from hundreds of thousands to millions of passengers per year. Apparently unthinkable to most people in the space industry, even 1 million passengers per year is just 8 hours of aviation! And aviation is still growing fast at today's level of 1 billion passengers per year. So there's no reason to suppose that space travel will ever stop growing. There's certainly no limit to the possible destinations. And the access to space resources that low cost launch will bring about will ensure that economic growth needn't end for a few more millennia at least. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Space tourism is a business idea whose time has come in today’s 21st century. Surely it will begin soon and it will grow rapidly and develop progressively. This will now push space related activities in the dawn of the 22nd century.Leading Space Vehicle Technologies and Space Tourism CompaniesVirgin Galactic and SpaceShipTwoVirgin Galactic, one of the leading potential space tourism groups, is planning to have passenger service on its first spaceship, the Scaled Composite SapceShipTwo with the inaugural launch in 2008 and main flights beginning in 2009. The price is initially set at $200,000. Headed by Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Group  , Virgin Galactic will be the first private space tourism company to regularly send civilians into space, by training them for 3 days before their launch. The SpaceShipTwo  was built as a result of the X Prize  which was won by SpaceShipOne;  both SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo were designed by Burt Rutan. Launches will first occur at the Mojave Spaceport in California and will then be moved to the permanent spaceport in Upham, New Mexico. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)The spaceships used wi ll go 360,000  feet (109.73  km, or 68.18  miles) high; this goes beyond the height of 100  km, which is the internationally defined boundary between Earth and space. Space flights will last 2.5 hours, carry 6 passengers, and reach a speed of Mach 3. SpaceShipTwo will not require a space shuttle-like heat shield for atmospheric re-entry as it will not experience the extreme aerodynamic heating experienced during re-entry  at orbital velocities (approximately Mach 22.5 at a typical shuttle altitude of 300  km, or 185  miles). The glider will employ a â€Å"feathering† technique to manage drag during the unpowered descent and landing. SpaceShipTwo will use a single hybrid rocket motor to launch from mid-air after detaching from a mother ship at 50,000  feet, instead of NASA's Space Shuttle's ground-based launch. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Space AdventuresEric Anderson is the president and CEO of Space Adventures. He co-founded Space Adventures in 1998 with s everal other entrepreneurs from the aerospace, adventure travel and entertainment industries and has managed the company over the past several years, selling more than $120M in space tourist flights. He has developed and financed over $500 million (USD) in new projects for Space Adventures, including two global spaceports and the first private voyage to the moon, set to launch in 2009.  (Space Adventures Website, 2008)The company sells a variety of flights such as Zero-Gravity flights, cosmonaut training and actual spaceflights. In May 2001, it sent American businessman Dennis Tito to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a Soyuz Spacecraft for a reported $20 million payment, making him the first space tourist in history. South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth  did the same in April 2002 becoming the ‘First African in Space'. Gregory Olsen  became the third private citizen to travel to the ISS in October 2005, followed by the first female space tourist, Anous heh Ansari, who completed her 10-day orbital mission in September 2006. Charles Simonyi, an ex-executive at Microsoft who managed the Office product group became the world's fifth space tourist in April 2007. (Space Adventures Website, 2008)The  Explorer space plane, which will be the main space vehicle that will be used by Soace Adventures,   is a suborbital   tourist space plane based on the Space Adventures C-21 design. The plane is being developed by Space Adventures  with the Russian Federal Space Agency  and is designed to carry 5 passengers. It is to be air-launched by carrier aircraft from a Space Adventures spaceport. The spaceport for the Explorer is being developed with Prodea in the United Arab Emirates. (Space Adventures Website, 2008)Technological AdvancementThe key in reducing the cost of space tourism is in development of space is in the development of new space vehicles. The current per pound cost of sending anything to space is simply too astronomical for accessible space tourism purposes. The costs climb even higher when sending humans into orbit. Many visionaries and entrepreneurs have realized this and are now working on new spacecraft for the purpose of space tourism.As mentioned, spacecraft for space tourism should have the goal of being economical and accessible. The Soyuz and the Space Shuttle are neither, being too expensive and needing months of training before a space tourist can climb aboard. Another implied requirement is that the spacecraft is reusable. Both the space shuttle and the Soyuz are not reusable to some degree (the Space Shuttle's fuel tank is destroyed upon take off and must be replaced). Another requirement is that passenger preparation be much reduced. Current space tourists must undergo months of grueling training before being allowed to fly to space. Lastly, with any tourism experience, the craft should provide a comfortable and safe ride for its passengers.Today, the most promising space tourism vehicle has been the prototype SpaceShipOne built by Scaled Composites. SpaceShipOne was the winner of the Ansari X-Prize after it was able to reach an altitude of 100 km twice in a two week period while having the capacity for carrying three people. Clearly these abilities are in line with the objectives of space tourism. SpaceShipOne's flight may not be considered true space flight by some people as it is not able to go into orbit. However at 100km, its passengers will be able to experience weightlessness and will be able to see the curvature of the earth as well as the fading of the atmosphere into the blackness of space.SpaceShipOne was able to do this through its design. Instead of using rockets to lift it to high altitudes, SpaceShipOne was lifted first to a high altitude before any rockets were ignited. A conventional jet-powered craft, WhiteKnight, carries SpaceShipOne to high altitude. At the predetermined altitude, SpaceShipOne breaks off from WhiteKnight and ignites its hybrid r ocket motors to push it to outer space. Upon reentry, SpaceShipOne lands like a conventional plane on a traditional runway. Together with the use of the newest materials and technology,   this â€Å"spaceplane† approach was the key in reducing the development and operational costs for SpaceShipOne. SpaceShipOne has now been retired and work is now.ConclusionSpace Tourism may still be a dream for the majority of us but it is undeniable that huge strides have been made in the past decade to make it possible. The development of space vehicles have lowered the cost for space travel and have accelerated the possibility of private space travel. In the next few years, space travel and space tourism will be one of the ordinary things that any family or any person would go to every holiday or every summer. Just like any other place in the planet, travel time will be much faster compared to early flights and the cost will be leveled off. All of these advancements will be our debt to all visionaries and the engineers who are building future space vehicles for our use.

Osmosis Lab

Osmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and out of your cells is important because without cellular transport, the cell could not move material into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to survive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from performing in the body. A type of cell transport in particular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind of  transport  by which  ions  or  molecules  move along a  concentration gradient, which means movement  from an area of  higher  concentration  to an area of  lower  concentration. Passive transport does not require an output of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects plant and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeab le membrane. In part A of this lab, we submerged the eggs in vinegar overnight, followed by peeling the softened shells from the eggs carefully while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded any observations we made on the eggs including weight and appearance. Next, we recorded any observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their solution.We then placed the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes(plant cells) into their solutions and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any changes in weight and appearance the next day. In Part B, we observed an onion cell exposed to distilled water under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated salt solution, and drew the two different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic(water) and hypertonic(salt water, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpose To observe the effects of hypotonic and h ypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution will cause the plant and animal cells to enlarge due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorption of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * Tap Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * Carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg carefully so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. Place one egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a test tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. L abel the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations Plant and Animal Cells in Hypertonic Solution: | Solution| Appearance/texture Before| Weight before(g)| Appearance/texture After| Weight After(g)| Egg 1 | Corn Syrup| -translucent-yellowish colour-soft | 77. 53| -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm| 51. 17| | | | | | | Carrot 1| Salt solution| -orange-sturdy| 2. 59| -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller| 2. 36| | | | | | | Potato 1| Salt solution| -yellowish colour-sturdy| 2. 92| -same colour-sturdier | 2. 85| | | | | | |Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water): | Weight Before(g)| Appearance/Texture After | Weight After (g)| Egg 2| 71. 82| -opaque-orange colour| 84. 10| Carrot 2| 2. 29| -orange colour-not as sturdy| 2. 52| Potato 2 | 2. 49| -yellowish colour-not as sturdy| 2. 98| Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) s olution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope slide * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. Prepare a wet mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to draw one to two cells. Use magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first drawing. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were both correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this occurred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when removed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither gain nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much in weight. This is due to their cell walls which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell exposed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membr ane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. Evaluation In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and after placing the cells in their solution. Other potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a similar experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the contents of the cell (cytoplasm). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehy drate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place a  saltwater fish  in freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. 3. Grocery stores frequently spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall eventually making the plant shrivel up and die. Osmosis Lab Osmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and out of your cells is important because without cellular transport, the cell could not move material into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to survive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from performing in the body. A type of cell transport in particular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind of  transport  by which  ions  or  molecules  move along a  concentration gradient, which means movement  from an area of  higher  concentration  to an area of  lower  concentration. Passive transport does not require an output of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects plant and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeab le membrane. In part A of this lab, we submerged the eggs in vinegar overnight, followed by peeling the softened shells from the eggs carefully while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded any observations we made on the eggs including weight and appearance. Next, we recorded any observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their solution.We then placed the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes(plant cells) into their solutions and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any changes in weight and appearance the next day. In Part B, we observed an onion cell exposed to distilled water under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated salt solution, and drew the two different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic(water) and hypertonic(salt water, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpose To observe the effects of hypotonic and h ypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution will cause the plant and animal cells to enlarge due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorption of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * Tap Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * Carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg carefully so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. Place one egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a test tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. L abel the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations Plant and Animal Cells in Hypertonic Solution: | Solution| Appearance/texture Before| Weight before(g)| Appearance/texture After| Weight After(g)| Egg 1 | Corn Syrup| -translucent-yellowish colour-soft | 77. 53| -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm| 51. 17| | | | | | | Carrot 1| Salt solution| -orange-sturdy| 2. 59| -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller| 2. 36| | | | | | | Potato 1| Salt solution| -yellowish colour-sturdy| 2. 92| -same colour-sturdier | 2. 85| | | | | | |Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water): | Weight Before(g)| Appearance/Texture After | Weight After (g)| Egg 2| 71. 82| -opaque-orange colour| 84. 10| Carrot 2| 2. 29| -orange colour-not as sturdy| 2. 52| Potato 2 | 2. 49| -yellowish colour-not as sturdy| 2. 98| Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) s olution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope slide * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. Prepare a wet mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to draw one to two cells. Use magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first drawing. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were both correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this occurred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when removed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither gain nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much in weight. This is due to their cell walls which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell exposed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membr ane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. Evaluation In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and after placing the cells in their solution. Other potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a similar experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the contents of the cell (cytoplasm). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehy drate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place a  saltwater fish  in freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. 3. Grocery stores frequently spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall eventually making the plant shrivel up and die. Osmosis Lab Name: ____Justine Basilone___ Osmotic Regulation Virtual Laboratory Biology Go to the following virtual laboratory: http://www. glencoe. com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03. html Answer your questions in this word document, save the file and submit through Edmodo. Your answers should be at least 2 complete sentences if not more! Part I: Observations & Data: Read the Introductory information and the Procedure located in the window to the left of the screen and then perform the laboratory. For your convenience, the data table has been inserted below – fill this one in (the website tends to delete data): Molecules Name |Red Blood Cell: |Red Blood Cell: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Blown up and fat | | |Moves in to red blood cell | | |Isotonic Solution | |Normal, did not appear different | | |Moves in and out of red blood cell | | |Hypertonic Solution | |Shriveled up | | |Moves out of red blood cell | | | Elodea: |Elodea: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Gets bigger | | |Moves in to Elodea | | |Isotonic Solution | |Appears the same. | |Moves in and out of Elodea (stays the same) | | |Hypertonic Solution |Moves out of Elodea |The inside shrinks and gets smaller | | |Paramecium: |Paramecium: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Paramecium blows up and gets bigger. | |Moves in to Paramecium | | |Isotonic Solution | |Seems to stay the same. | | |Moves in and out of Paramecium | | |Hypertonic Solution | |Shriveled up and makes the cell appear smaller. | | |Moves out of Paramecium | | Part II: Questions & Conclusions: 1) Did water move into the cells or out of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution?Water moved into all of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution. 2) In which direction did the water move through the cell membrane when the cells were surrounded by the hypertoni c solution? The direction that the water appeared to be moving through the cell membrane was both ways, in and out. 3) Compare and contrast what happens to an animal cell, a plant cell, and a Paramecium cell in a hypotonic, and isotonic, and a hypertonic solution. (Does the cell wall make a difference? ) What seemed to surprise me most is that no matter what cell was used each solution had the same effect of the cells, no matter what kind it was. So no, the cell wall does not appear to make a difference. ) Could Elodea or Paramecium from a freshwater lake be expected to survive if transplanted into the ocean? Explain. Since they both react the same to different solutions I do believe that it is possible for both cells to be transplanted in the ocean and survive. 5) If you were to grill a steak, would it be better to put salt on it BEFORE or AFTER you cooked it? Explain why, USING THE TERMS OF OSMOSIS from this activity. While grilling a steak it is better to put salt on it before yo u grill it so while it is grilling osmosis will occur and it will retain the salt. So instead of it just sitting on top of the steak it will be on the inside. Giving it more flavor of the salt while eating it. ) Why does salad become soggy and wilted when the dressing has been on it for a while? Explain why, in terms of osmosis. The reason why salad becomes soggy and wilted when dressing has been on it for a while is because as it is sitting there osmosis takes place and the salad begins to take in the moisture of the salad dressing, leaving it soggy and wilted. 7) An effective way to kill weeds is to pour salt water on the ground around the plants. Explain why the weeds die, using the principles discovered in this virtual lab. I believe that the weeds would die due to the fact that as the weeds take in what they think is just water only to later dry out by taking in the salt along with it using osmosis.