Women in Islam

Article Summary This article examines the issue of women’s rights in Islam by introducing Islam and women’s rights in several different Muslim countries, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Indonesia. -The women in Islam are often viewed as a poor one, having to do whatever her husband, brother or father commands her to do. -This view is usually based on things picked up from what westerners see in the papers or on TV. -Not all Islamic countries follow the Qur’an and Ahadith as they say they are. (ex.In some of Islamic countries, it is acceptable for women to not cover their faces, women can drive, etc. -While female circumcision is not condoned by the Qur’an, it is still practiced in some predominantly Muslim areas in Africa. Egypt -The Women’s Rights Union started to have an impact on the ruling class of Egypt. -The Egyptian government signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) bill in 1981. -Gave women equal access to education, employment and work opportunities, equal pay for equal work and social security. Egyptian civil law, in accordance with Islamic law, gives women the right to possess, control and inherit property. -Unfortunately, women’s rights are still not being fully implemented, due to the restrictions of tradition, the government’s lack of interest in enforcing the laws and women’s own lack of awareness of their rights. -This lack of education has led to women being refused ownership of property and the right to divorce, despite legally being allowed to own property and divorce their husbands.Saudi Arabia -Women in Saudi Arabia are the victims of discrimination and human rights violations because of the gender bias in law, social mores and traditions. -They have gained some ground in terms of economic rights, but their civil and political rights are systematically violated. -Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive, leave the co untry without authorization from their husband or father, leave the house in unsuitable attire, hold high-ranking jobs or be involved in the government. It was not until 2000 that Saudi Arabian women were allowed their own ID cards; they had previously been registered on their husbands’ or fathers’ cards. -When investigations against women are carried out they are often conducted improperly and make use of unreliable evidence. Pakistan -Pakistan is a vast country with many laws in place to protect women’s rights. -Unfortunately, outside of the big cities, Pakistanis are generally ruled by tribal law rather than governmental law. -Most laws prohibiting the mistreatment of women are ignored. Not all girls are punished with death; some have acid splashed into their faces instead, scarring them for life and sometimes causing blindness. -Pakistani legislation defines both adultery and rape as ‘sexual intercourse without being validly married’ and does no t draw the distinction that one is forced while the other is not. -If a woman is raped and reports the crime or becomes pregnant, she has to prove that she was raped by either having the man’s admittance of the crime or four witnesses who saw the man force her into having sex. If not proven, she is charged with having an illicit sexual relationship with someone and is punished. -Pakistan does not have the personnel or equipment to do a proper forensic examination, so it comes down to witnesses and confession. -After one village or tribe has committed a perceived offence against another, the second village or tribe will try to gain ‘compensation’. This involves rape and mutilation of women or the murder of entire families. -Girls from one of the tribes can be forced under threat to marry men from the other tribe. The most common method of abusing a girl is making her feel that she is displeasing God by refusing to marry the man her parents wish her to. -Women in P akistan are generally only educated to a reasonable standard it from a wealthy family. -About 5% to 7% of women work, with low-paid jobs. Men and women are kept segregated in the workplace. Indonesia -Women in Indonesia are not as poorly treated as in other countries. -They have the right to own and sell property and livestock, to work, to choose to whom and when they get married and to divorce. -It is the women who propose marriage to a man, while men cannot propose at all. Women in Islam Article Summary This article examines the issue of women’s rights in Islam by introducing Islam and women’s rights in several different Muslim countries, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Indonesia. -The women in Islam are often viewed as a poor one, having to do whatever her husband, brother or father commands her to do. -This view is usually based on things picked up from what westerners see in the papers or on TV. -Not all Islamic countries follow the Qur’an and Ahadith as they say they are. (ex.In some of Islamic countries, it is acceptable for women to not cover their faces, women can drive, etc. -While female circumcision is not condoned by the Qur’an, it is still practiced in some predominantly Muslim areas in Africa. Egypt -The Women’s Rights Union started to have an impact on the ruling class of Egypt. -The Egyptian government signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) bill in 1981. -Gave women equal access to education, employment and work opportunities, equal pay for equal work and social security. Egyptian civil law, in accordance with Islamic law, gives women the right to possess, control and inherit property. -Unfortunately, women’s rights are still not being fully implemented, due to the restrictions of tradition, the government’s lack of interest in enforcing the laws and women’s own lack of awareness of their rights. -This lack of education has led to women being refused ownership of property and the right to divorce, despite legally being allowed to own property and divorce their husbands.Saudi Arabia -Women in Saudi Arabia are the victims of discrimination and human rights violations because of the gender bias in law, social mores and traditions. -They have gained some ground in terms of economic rights, but their civil and political rights are systematically violated. -Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive, leave the co untry without authorization from their husband or father, leave the house in unsuitable attire, hold high-ranking jobs or be involved in the government. It was not until 2000 that Saudi Arabian women were allowed their own ID cards; they had previously been registered on their husbands’ or fathers’ cards. -When investigations against women are carried out they are often conducted improperly and make use of unreliable evidence. Pakistan -Pakistan is a vast country with many laws in place to protect women’s rights. -Unfortunately, outside of the big cities, Pakistanis are generally ruled by tribal law rather than governmental law. -Most laws prohibiting the mistreatment of women are ignored. Not all girls are punished with death; some have acid splashed into their faces instead, scarring them for life and sometimes causing blindness. -Pakistani legislation defines both adultery and rape as ‘sexual intercourse without being validly married’ and does no t draw the distinction that one is forced while the other is not. -If a woman is raped and reports the crime or becomes pregnant, she has to prove that she was raped by either having the man’s admittance of the crime or four witnesses who saw the man force her into having sex. If not proven, she is charged with having an illicit sexual relationship with someone and is punished. -Pakistan does not have the personnel or equipment to do a proper forensic examination, so it comes down to witnesses and confession. -After one village or tribe has committed a perceived offence against another, the second village or tribe will try to gain ‘compensation’. This involves rape and mutilation of women or the murder of entire families. -Girls from one of the tribes can be forced under threat to marry men from the other tribe. The most common method of abusing a girl is making her feel that she is displeasing God by refusing to marry the man her parents wish her to. -Women in P akistan are generally only educated to a reasonable standard it from a wealthy family. -About 5% to 7% of women work, with low-paid jobs. Men and women are kept segregated in the workplace. Indonesia -Women in Indonesia are not as poorly treated as in other countries. -They have the right to own and sell property and livestock, to work, to choose to whom and when they get married and to divorce. -It is the women who propose marriage to a man, while men cannot propose at all.

The types and benefits of Open distance learning

Open distance larning refers to instruction and preparation in which utilizing the learning resources, instead than go toing schoolroom Sessionss, is the cardinal characteristic of the learning experience. There are three types of unfastened distance scholars ( ODL ) : Face to face acquisition: Classroom Environment, Formal Classroom, Computer Laboratory, Science Laboratory, Number of Meetings, 5 or less meetings, 5 or more meetings, Teaching Schemes, Direct & A ; Indirect. Self managed acquisition: Specialy designed faculties with support from: – CDROM Courseware, Digital Library, Physical Library, Capable Matter Experts, Peers, Tutors. Online acquisition: Resources, Learning Objects ( iTutorials, iWeblets ) , Multimedia Courseware, PDF Documents, Microsoft Office Attachments, Digital Library, Discussions. Most of ODL are part-timers and have households. Learners will be confronting jobs in equilibrating their work and instruction because of that and is genuinely disputing for them. As debut I want to foreground about the job face by get downing on-line scholars. In the modern-day age is the ability to have an instruction 1000s of stat mis off from a schoolroom in a convenient and efficient mode. Majority of universities presents offer unfastened online larning for pupils all around the universe. Get downing on-line scholar ‘s categories might non be an ideal circumstance for every interested individual. What are the jobs faced by get downing on-line scholars really?2.0. Three chief job face by get downing on-line scholars:2.1. Lack of socialising with equals and working with your larning manner: –A traditional schoolroom state of affairs is non possible to get downing on-line scholars for acquisition. If a societal interaction were accomplishable with get downing on-line scholars, pupils might be unsure to run into with person whom they merely know from the Internet. This job with online larning would decidedly impede a kinaesthetic or haptic scholar, and if the plan does n't supply video interaction so an auditory scholar would besides non do as well.So by listening and discourse something or working with manipulatives, so get downing on-line scholars one think is non your best choice.As an coach, supervising pupil comprehension is of import otherwise pupils wo n't understand the lesson moves on and one or more pupils are left behind to seek and calculate out what they did n't catch up. Feeling behind while all others continue with the lesson will rapidly allow down their self-belief degree. Reflect on all of your options and judge what type of pupil you were in the yesteryear every bit good as what are the jobs faced by ODL in the last few old ages. Finally, you could detect an educational plan that hysterics your demands whether that is with a traditional manner instruction or an beginning online scholars instruction.2.2. Juggling life: –When asked what are the jobs faced by unfastened distance scholars, life and its ensuing complications seems to be the figure one response. Most enrolled pupils in unfastened distance acquisition are committed to their life in some other manner apart from school such as a household to care for, some facet which occupies the their clip, a mandatory full-time occupation to pay the measures. Except the pupils make a personal committedness to finish the class of survey, odds are life will happen a manner to deflect and rupture them off from carry throughing their end of go oning their instruction. Unlike traditional university pupil s who are ever in their acquisition group which supports them most of the clip, on-line scholars pupils are non. Online scholars pupil besides have a difficult clip in being independent and responsible to their ain ego. Most of the clip, no 1 would steer pupil larning procedure. Unfocused position of their acquisition ends besides will do the pupils act irresponsibly towards their acquisition. Beside that, they besides face jobs in acknowledging and get the hanging strengths and accomplishments. In on-line acquisition, engineering is the chief conduit which information and communicating flow. The pupils need to hold some basic authorship accomplishments and a go on-line appreciation of English linguistic communication. For this they must hold a computing machine with internet entree. Those looking to heighten their skill sets and capablenesss through online larning demand to fight with issues such as self-motivation, household committednesss, work life, clip direction, and other proficient activities. Balancing these issues with regular online categories, assignments, trials and tests can be ra ther disputing. Assignments and undertakings can be limited by feedback and appraisal by teachers. Developing relationships with real-world schoolmates and networking with other equals is besides restricted.2.3. No established modus operandis: –Merely like pupils in a traditional school environment, unfastened distance scholars must make a dedicated topographic point for analyzing and larning to take topographic point. Successful pupils assign to a clip to analyze and a topographic point to analyze. It is portion of set uping a modus operandi that keeps pupils stop uping in front when times get tough yet life has demands and pupils of unfastened distance larning tend to derive a false sense of freedom. Yes, you ‘re free to larn at place but the other committednesss of life are traveling on around you. Students who stop, bead, and larn do n't be given to retain as much information. Self-monitoring is non ever helpful particularly when cunctation sets in and one time the work starts stacking up there is less penchant to retrieve from that cunctation. Do non hold adequate clip, excessively many plants to be done and lazy are among other grounds given by this type of pupils in order to avoid analyzing for tests.3.0. Solutions to the stated jobs for get downing on-line scholars:3.1. Time direction: –To finish your surveies via a flexible agenda in an on-line format can be really advantageous as get downing on-line scholars. Many scholars who enroll in an on-line grade plan think that it is traveling to be easy to complete their coursework without a set category agenda to follow. Anyone who wants to win in an on-line grade plan should hold clip direction accomplishments. To do certain you devote a plenty sum of clip to your surveies, set aside specific period each hebdomad that you will give to your coursework. It ‘s besides of import to be after your f riends and household members for the fact that you will be puting aside certain times for surveies. If non they will evidently believe that you ‘re available to them because you are at place. Efficient clip direction is n't the lone challenge faced by pupils in on-line instruction plans but acquiring your agenda under control is one of the first things that every online scholar demands to make to fix to stand out in his or her categories.3.2. Introduce new classs: –Introduction of a nucleus class to cover the needed accomplishments is the most great manner to guarantee that pupils are both enthusiastic and suitably prepared for ODL. The scholars need to ease the debut of group work into an otherwise â€Å" traditional † grade model, fit group work into the semester system and to develop academic staff in their apprehension of group accomplishments and theory. Supremely, a short class for staff should be run on a regular footing and an introductory nucleus class for pupils in the first twelvemonth of the plan should be introduced. This solution enables any classs within the plan to use group acquisition, confident that the key demands and accomplishments will already be familiar to the pupils prior to the beginning of the class. Likewise, get downing on-line scholars will be cognizant that group work may organize portion of the standard acquisition procedure, and are likely to near such classs with far less nervousness than might otherwise be the instance.3.3. Skills required at the beginning of the class: –In this instance where ODL engagement in a group work of minimal two hebdomads at the start of the class should be devoted wholly to the nucleus advantages, benefits of group acquisition and the accomplishments required without any anterior formal preparation in group skills.It seems hard. However, readying of get downing on-line scholars in this manner is an indispensable demand for successful group work and someway assumes less importance when one steps out of the more usual talk, seminar and tutorial manner. Group facilitation, duties to other group members and effectual online communicating are amongst the accomplishments that should be stressed in these Sessionss. One of import accomplishment to larning online is larning to pull off your clip foremost. We have to do a hebdomadal survey agenda for the most effectual ways to maintain on top of your studying.A Make clip usefull for offline activities. Make note of these at the beginning of the class and program consequently for them to be a succesfull scholar. Follow the schemes below: ( GOAL SETTING STRATEGIES )S SpecificM MeasureableA AccomplishableR RealisticT Time-bound4.0. DecisionTaking a class or gaining a grade via online acquisition can be a worthwhile experience but requires some subject on your portion. Proper readying can take to a direct focal point on your classs. A coach ‘s counsel is important for the success of synergistic and brooding acquisition. The findings reveal that the teacher ‘s counsel reduced such jobs and that, to a certain extent, successful acquisition was achieved.A It is apparent that distance instruction pupils in the survey benefitted from this signifier of acquisition and possible to set about certain steps to minimise the jobs and to guarantee greater success in future efforts. Last but non least, squad instruction should be implemented with each teacher taking on certain function. So, when you sign up for online acquisition, do n't merely excited at the beginning but as the hebdomads advancement, motive can diminish .A When this occurs, remind yourself of the ground you enrolled in the first topographic point.

Textile industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Textile industry in India - Essay Example In this case, the paper has defined the Indian and Vietnamese textile industry’s macro-economic environment through a an economic analysis in order to illuminate the key factors that can be utilized to maximize the efficiency and competitiveness of the industry. Up to the point where the Indian economy was liberalized, the textile industry in the country was essentially disorganized. However, the industry has now risen to being the second biggest textile industry in the world; second only to China. In this way, textiles account for 38% of total exports in the country; therefore making textiles an industry of extreme importance upon which a great deal of India’s economic strength relies upon (Singleton, 2007, p. 22). Comparatively, the textile industry in Vietnam is one of its largest industries; as well as a key economic contributor. Textile exports from Vietnam, despite the economic difficulties facing the country, have continued to improve with present goals aimed at becoming the third largest textile exporter after China and India. The factors discussed in this paper affecting the Indian and Vietnamese textile industries such as political factors are vital since lack of stability would adversely affect it. Because the economies of Vietnam and India are dependent largely on the manufacture and export of textiles, which accounts for 29% and 27% of foreign exchange respectively, social and economic factors are also important as factors of influence (Nash, 2007, p. 21). Analysis of Macro environment in India & Vietnam Firstly, with respect to the GDP of these systems, the researcher can readily note that Vietnam represented a 2011 GDP of approximately 129 billion USD whereas India represented a GDP for the same period of approximately 1.85 trillion USD. Although the overall size of the Indian economy dwarfs that of Vietnam, this cannot be understood in and of itself as a defining factor or differential between the two. Ultimately, the extreme diffe rential in GDP can be understood as a function of the overall population differential that is extant between the two nations. Whereas India represents a population of well over 1.24 billion, Vietnam only boasts of a total population of around 88 million individuals. As a function of this differential, is it easy for the researcher to understand why the overall GDP differential is as expansive as it has been represented in the figures displayed. Comparatively, Vietnam has experienced a rapid rise in per capita income over the past decade. Whereas just a few brief years ago Vietnam struggled with massive amounts of poverty with many of its citizens earning less than 150 dollars per year, the rapid rise in the growth of Vietnam’s middle class and a high level of industrialization and trade has meant that the average per capita income has risen to nearly 1,130 per year by 2010. This rapid rise in the average per capita income in Vietnam can be attributed to a host of factors; how ever, for purposes of this analysis, it would not be unreasonable to assert that the rapid growth in the textile industry in Vietnam has been one of the main contributing factors to spurring economic growth and benefitting the overall quality of life for many

International Corporate Reporting Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Corporate Reporting Issues - Essay Example As the financial statements contain information about different aspects of the business that include revenue, assets, liabilities, equity, expenses, along with details and in a complete standardize format, further these statements are also audited which further add reliability to these financial statements, but the basis upon which these financial statement s are prepared involve some factors that may hinder the effective decision making process these factors include, Accounting estimates that are uses by preparers of financial statements while preparing these financial statements are subjective decisions, which is one of the big limitation of the financial statement as due to this factor the users of financial statements may be misled. Professional judgment uses by preparer of financial statement is also one of the reason which undermine theuses of financial statements, as it involve judgment in preparation of financial statements that may be wrong and can ultimately hit financial decision taken by users of financial statements on the basis of these financial statements. Verifiability of these financial statements through audit is not an absolute verifiable factor so one cannot take decisions like take over just on the basis of these financial statements while assuming that these are audited accounts, Historical costing is also one of the reason that may cause users of financial statements to be misled as in historical costing asset are carried in the books as cost of asset less accumulated depreciation that may not be the market value hence it may miss lead the users. Measurability is also one of the reason that undermine the uses of financial statements because it involve only those areas that can financially be measured and areas that cannot be valued or out of financial statements hence like good will and employees performance cannot be seen while reviewing financial

Depend on the choosen activity and the topic Essay

Depend on the choosen activity and the topic - Essay Example The word ‘learning’ has been defined as â€Å"relatively permanent change in behavior resulting form experience† (Dworetzky, 1994). This essay, therefore, has the purpose of exploring the cognitivist approach of learning by examining its application to a particular learning task. The task chosen is the process of typing the keyboard of a computer. Firstly, an analysis of the types of knowledge required to undertake the chosen activity will be considered and the cognitive theory will be introduced with its main features followed by a discussion of the application of the theory in the process of typing the keyboard of the computer. The strength and weaknesses of the theory will be analyzed after that and the essay will be concluded. There are different steps or processes involved in the act of typing the keyboard of a computer. The person needs to have a plan of what he is going to type; he needs to have appropriate knowledge and skills such as placing the fingers at the right position, the aptitude of typing the material with appropriate speed and accuracy, being seated in a comfortable position in the chair so that he doesn’t strain his back, etc. Declarative knowledge is often described as the content of learning. In other words it caters to the what of the activity being learnt. Knowing a piece of information, that is, a concept, fact, idea or label would be considered to be in this category (Ehren & Gildroy). Knowing the history, characteristics or physical appearance, for example would be included here. Procedural knowledge explains the How of information that tells us rules to follow to accomplish a task (Ehren & Gildroy). In other words, knowing how to perform an action or sequence of actions is procedural knowledge. Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or strategy and when not to use it; why a procedure works and under what

Developing a Health Services Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developing a Health Services Plan - Essay Example The development of the Aged Care Service plan includes a primary focus on the span of area to be serviced in order to identify the amount of workforce, population demographics, finances and model of care which will be adapted. The health care services are formulated on the variable of health; according to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008, p.18), health is an ever changing factor and it keeps evolving. A health care plan is particularly designed to safeguard, develop, promote and maintain the well being and health of the respective citizens (NSW Health Development, 2006, p.5). The aged care services plan will focus on catering to the apparent and underlying needs of the senior citizens of Cook. The principle behind would be an adaptable and flexible system, as Jonas, Goldsteen, & Goldsteen (2007, p.8) are of the view that a system’s management must include functions of administration, planning, regulation and evaluation. According to United States Department of Labor (2010), the nature of health care system is expected to be such that it combines medical technology and human touch with diagnoses, treatments, thus responding to the health care needs of the general population. The development plan for the services includes proper identification of the necessary inputs like equipments, workforce, and staff and drugs etc. because as World Health Organization (2011) puts it, service provisions explain the way inputs are combined to allow delivery of health interventions. Planning and Development Principals: The Aged Care Service Plan will be formed following few principals. The principal approach will reduce the interventions, clarify the direction of the strategic planning, provide ease of control and allow a quality implementation of the system and as expressed by Wetmore (2000, n.d.), it increases productivity. The principals have been chalked out below: Focus should be on identifying the most appropriate model of service by Border Regions f or current and future needs of Cook’s senior community. The Aged Care Service plan should be an integration of the Health Care system as a whole, with goals aligned with that of entire Border Regions system. The senior citizens should be allowed and supported to live independently as and when appropriate for their well being. The Planning Process: The Aged Care Unit of the Border Region Health Services System will be developed through the following calculated stages: 1. Formulating a work committee. 2. Identification of the inputs (resources and raw materials) 3. Identification and integration of the goals with the system requirements 4. Implementation of the processes and activities to deliver those requirements 5. Analysis of the output and implementation of the managerial control function on continual basis. 1. Formulating a work committee: The work committee for Aged Care Services Planning shall consist of three sub teams namely: The Strategic Team: This team shall be res ponsible for setting direction and goals for the action plans. A strategic team is responsible for setting up governing principals and operations of all Aged Care services in the area (Presbyterian Aged Care, 2008). The team will preferably include qualified practitioners from Border Region’s pre existing units like the emergency services, outreach services and allied health care. The team will define and create the essentials of the plan in the form of a

Artificial nutrition and hydration and end of life decision making Term Paper

Artificial nutrition and hydration and end of life decision making - Term Paper Example The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association (HPNA) emphasized that ANH was originally described as a means to effectively â€Å"provide short-term support for patients who were acutely ill and are often used to provide a bridge to recovery, or to meet therapeutic goals of prolonging life† (Hospice and Palliative Nurse Association (HPNA), 2011, p. 1). The current discourse hereby aims to present crucial ethical concerns or dilemma pertaining to AHN, especially during end of life (EOL) situations using support from evidence based sources. Ethical Concerns In an article written by Brody, et al. (2011), the authors explored controversial issues ranging from allegedly prolonging or sustaining unconscious human life, particularly that which was apparently categorized as patients in permanent vegetative state (PVS); also in terms of determining conformity to patients’ or relatives’ wishes in contrast to health care practitioners’ professional guidelines (Sampso n, Candy, & Jones, 2009). Other ethical issues ensue from the religious beliefs and practices, specifically that which were defined under the early doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, to wit: â€Å"to value above all the ability of medical technology to extend life indefinitely was interpreted by the Church as idolatry† (Drane, 2006; cited in Brody, et al.: The 1950s, 2011, par. 2). This original belief apparently seemed to stem from the perspective that life and death is governed by the Supreme Being or God and that any intervention not considered within the natural course of life was therefore considered not within the Will of God. This belief was apparently changed in recent Catholic teachings which reportedly supported that â€Å"the position currently endorsed by the Church hierarchy stresses life prolongation based on fundamental human dignity. The two most recent Popes have each stated that administration of food and water, artificially or not, constitutes ordinar y care â€Å"in principle;† ANH is to be considered not a medical technology, but rather a â€Å"natural means of preserving life.† Removing ANH is â€Å"euthanasia by omission† because the cause of death would be lack of sustenance rather than the underlying disease† (Brody, et al.:Recent Roman Catholic Teaching, 2011, par. 1). The new teachings support the belief that life should be preseved by all means, as a consistent paradigm towards provision of all methods and possible resources available and accessible to the family members and to the medical practitioners governing the patients’ lives. Concurrently, as expounded by Brody, et al. (2011), a transition in bioethics that acknowledged patients rights to refuse life extending medical care, consistent with patients’ rights and the obligation to allegedly respect patient autonomy has elevated application of ANH to face the following ethical concerns: â€Å"Bioethicists who supported mandat ory ANH offered several arguments: terminating food or fluids made the physician causally responsible for death; the burdens of ANH seemed minor compared to the overriding good of life prolongation; food and fluids represented â€Å"care† at a basic, symbolic level; and in an environment dominated by cost containment, forgoing ANH might lead to the selective elimination of vulnerable patients†

Universalist and impartialist about Utilitarianism Essay

Universalist and impartialist about Utilitarianism - Essay Example The scholarly consensus as of date is that Utilitarianism is a partial system of morality and is somewhat inadequate on account of its authors’ reluctance to front up to complexities of ethics. Utilitarianism asserts that 'It is morally good to act for the general happiness.' As this assessment is taken at face value by most, the salient critical question is ‘What is it that is morally not good,   which stands in opposition to this?’ In answering this question proponents say, ‘acting for unhappiness’. (Grote 123) Utilitarian moral philosophy thus has for its subject the ascertaining of what happiness is, which is placed in polar opposition to unhappiness. Having found what constitutes happiness, the philosophy strives to device methods to achieve that end. But real life experiences and events are not strictly broken into these clear-cut dichotomies and therein lie the major objection to Utilitarianism’s veracity as a ethical theory. The follo wing passages will explain the two central concepts of ‘impartiality’ and ‘universality’ and identify their shortcomings for application in practical ethics. The founding texts of Utilitarianism think of it as inherently ethical. For example, deriving from post-revolutionary French thought, especially that of Helvetius, Godwin asserted that â€Å"Morality is that system of conduct which is determined by a consideration of the greatest general good.† (Godwin, as quoted in Scarre 67) The founding doctrine also makes it clear that the two pillars of ‘impartiality’ and ‘universality’ especially add to its ethical soundness. Utilitarianism espouses the principle of impartiality, to the extent that it places the happiness of all individuals in the community on par with each other. Moreover, it encourages constituent individuals in a group to see the virtue of valuing the happiness of others as much as theirs own. In other words, t he expectation is to rise above the consideration of one’s own individual interests. Put as such, this principle sounds laudable. But as critics point out, there is plenty of scope for incorrect application of this principle, which could lead to adverse outcomes. For example, â€Å"In an action then which, in the truest and widest sense, we should call right or good, there is more than one sort of goodness. And unless we treat rightly this variety of rightness or goodness, our moral philosophy, whatever side we take, must be partial: and we shall not be able to argue against opponents of it without being in danger of arguing against something which, it is probable, an impartial and practical reader will consider morally proper.† (Grote 124) Even actions by individuals are mediated by this consideration for the greatest common good. The agent’s actions are never to enhance his/her own happiness, but that of all concerned. As John Stuart Mill himself clarifies in his treaties, â€Å"As between his own happiness and that of others, utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator. In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. To do as you would be done by, and to love your neighbour as yourself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.† (Mill, as quoted by Grote 86) One of Utilitarianism’s notable critics is the famous legal theoretician, John Rawls. Rawls’ objection to the notion of impartiality arises from the philosophical system’s blanket application of its principles to the entire social

Military leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military leadership - Essay Example Military leadership is entirely different from other leaderships like organizational leadership or a nation’s leadership. In organizational or national leadership, both autocratic and democratic methods are prevailing whereas in military leadership, the scope for democratic style of functioning is zero. In other words, subordinates in militaries don’t have the authority to question the leadership styles or functioning of their superiors. This paper analyses military leadership and its various dimensions. Various dimensions of military leadership â€Å"Military leadership is the process of influencing others to accomplish the mission by providing purpose, direction, and motivation. Command is the authority a person in the military service lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of his rank and assignment† (Notes on Military Leadership, n. d). Power is an essential part of military leadership. It should be noted that power and influence are some of the major characteristics of a successful leader in every organization. The above fact is 100% true in the case of military leadership. Even though Adolf Hitler was a controversial leader, he was one of the perfect examples of military leaders who utilized power for effectively to lead their sides to victory. Hitler had not shown any mercy either to the enemies or to his fellow military men. In other words, both the enemies and the friends equally were afraid of Hitler and his power. Hitler was also successful in motivating his soldiers with the help of his oral skills and charismatic way of presenting things. In fact he motivated the entire German nation by saying that Germany had suffered a lot because of the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of WW1. He educated the soldiers and the public that Germany lost their pride because of the above treaty and it is the duty of every German to work for regaining their lost pride. Hitler taught the soldiers that Germans are the most glorified pe ople in the world and they have the right to rule the entire world. In short, Hitler is an example for how well a military leader can use his power and generate motivation among the subordinates to accomplish military missions. Mentoring is used as a leadership development strategy in many of the current military training colleges. â€Å"Conceptually, mentoring is often described as a close, developmental relationship between experienced and less experienced individuals† (Sullivan, 1993). Experienced military leaders may have enormous experience in dealing with different types of difficult situations. Knowledge about such situations is necessary for the upcoming military leaders. Through mentorship, experienced military leaders transfer their knowledge and experience to their juniors so that junior leaders will be benefitted immensely while countering tough situations in future. Compared to other organizations, military produces great leaders more in number because of various reasons. â€Å"First, in all services, military leadership qualities are formed in a progressive and sequential series of carefully planned training, educational, and experiential events—far more time-consuming and expensive than similar training in industry or government† (Colonel Kolditz, 2009). It should be noted that military is an organization which is receiving huge funding for the training and development of soldiers. Both theoretical and practical aspects of

Endeavour Journal Essay Example for Free

Endeavour Journal Essay This journey followed close upon the visit of the expedition on Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus. On 8 June 1769 the transit of Venus was successfully observed from three different points. After fulfilling his mission on Tahiti Cook resumed his voyage to fulfil the task given to him secretly by the Royal Society. On 7 September 1769 the Endeavour reached New Zealand, which had never been visited by any European after Abel Janszoon Tasman had discovered it on 13 December 1642. Tasman’s stay at New Zealand was not successful in the means of its discovery. No trading had been done between the native Maori and Tasman’s crew. The first discovery by the Dutch businessmen Tasman was only the western coastline of New Zealand, which had been mapped afterwards. The first seven days of the journal had been taking place at ‘Cannibals Cove’ where the HMS Endeavour anchored for about twenty-three days. James Cook has given the name after he had an encounter with indigenous people, which will be described in the following. During the stay Joseph Banks refers to several encounter with indigenous people of New Zealand. He describes the behaviour and findings in a large extend. As an example he describes the encounter of members of HMS Endeavour’s crew and a double canoe. They have been told that the indigenous people lost a female child that according to their narrative â€Å"had been stole and eat by some of their neighbours†. Another group of crewmembers reported that they have met people who told them that they ate a child the day before. As a result of these stories Banks describes the conclusions of the crew as thefts of this kind are common for those Indians. Afterwards he tries to analyse and evaluate these stories. He assumes that the crewmembers met the same people and interpreted the stories differently which have been told by the indigenous people. Nevertheless he does not exclude this either, since families that came of to the ship â€Å"often brought women and young children in arms as if they were afraid to leave them behind. † Banks’ interest in the indigenous people of New Zealand can also be illustrated by his encounter of an Indian family. He describes them as being affable, obliging and unsuspicious and observed any order or subordination. By making known his regret of not being able to stay with the family for one night his interest in people and their behaviour can be seen. On the following days Banks describes how the exploration of the Cook Straits took place. The officers’ spread their thought that the land they have been round might be an isthmus that is between their current position (Cook Strait) and the Cape Turnagain, which they have last seen 17 October 1969. To confirm this Cook ordered the crew to sail northward until the cape could be seen. Whilst sailing in this direction HMS Endeavour came across indigenous people which in Banks’ journal entries are described as richer and more cleanly than any people they have seen since their stay at the Bay of Islands 3 November 1769. This makes him believe that they might have met subordinates of the Dominions of Teratu. As it turned out they were not this kind of people and thus they had to go on sailing northward looking for a well-known part of New Zealand. On 9 February 1770 an important discovery had been made. Cape Turnagain came back into sight, which proved that the land, they had been visiting, is an island. Besides Banks’ depictions of the exploration of New Zealand and the description of the indigenous people in huge detail he described Albatrosses and other animals to a small extend. His task as botanist plays a minor part during these days. By shooting Albatrosses as often as possible he tries to nourish the crew with fresh meat. The last four days of the journal at hand take place at the east coast of the future southern island of New Zealand. On 16 February 1770 Banks reports the sighting of a new island. This island will be later called â€Å"Banks’s Island† according to the chart of New Zealand based on Cook’s mapping. The fact that this is not an island but rather part of the southern island of New Zealand will be unknown for the rest of the journey. This error happened because Captain John Gore believed that he saw land in south eastward direction. To pursue this Cook decided to follow this direction and validate Gore’s assumption so â€Å"that nobody should say he had left land behind unsought†. On 18 February 1770 Banks states that no land could be found and the voyage will continue in westward direction. In the journals’ last entry Banks describes the discovery of land that might be either part of the New Zealand or the beginning of the southern island, which they have long yearned for. What can be seen in this part of the journal is the personal conflict of Banks. Intelligence obtained by the Indians during their last anchoring stop tells them that this might only be an island, nevertheless Banks does not want to let go of the â€Å"strong hopes that we had at last completed our wishes and that this was absolutely a part of the Southern continent†. The journal at hand includes without limitation information on the discovery of the Cook Strait and exploration of New Zealand. The subsequent days of the journey will clarify if the land they have spotted is either part of the southern continent or an island on its own. Nevertheless an outcome of this journey so far is a detailed map of northern New Zealand and the discovery of the isthmus between the northern island and the southern part. The nature of this journal is a very objective description of the happenings during the voyage.

Compare And Contrast Situational Crime Prevention

Compare And Contrast Situational Crime Prevention A democratic society is one in which all supreme powers lie with the people of that community. It requires individuals to answer for his or her actions and requires people to know what they can and can not do. It is a system that promotes individual accountability and responsibility with an oversight to judge ones actions. Democracy promotes rights and freedoms and guarantees society criminal punishment when these rights and freedoms have been infringed upon. This means that in order to live in a democratic society, individuals must value and respect others around them, follow the norms and standards of society, and understand that sanctions apply if they infringe upon anothers standard of life. Crimes are simply the acts or omissions that violate what is acceptable in society. Crimes theory underlines why certain actions are unacceptable and improper; it illustrates reasons why people commit crime and demonstrates why there must be consequences in order to deter others. In most western societies there are codes of conduct or laws that regulate how society is to function and how individuals are to behave. However, no matter how many rules, there remain individuals insistent on partaking in crime and unacceptable behaviour. Born is crime prevention, one approach to dealing with crime. Crime prevention is an attempt to reduce victimization and to deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.  [1]  It can be divided into people, place and situation.  [2]  The approach that focuses on people is generally known as crime prevention through social development, where as the approach that focuses on place is generally known as crime prevention through environmental design . When these two approaches are combined with situational crime prevention it has been found that there can be serious reductions in actual crime and delinquency. For the purpose of this essay we are concerned with situational crime prevention and defensible space, a form of crime prevention through environmental design. Situational Crime Prevention Situational crime prevention (SCP) is a strategy which tries to reduce the opportunity for crime by increasing the risks and decreasing the rewards of committing crime.  [3]  SCP focuses on preventing the opportunity for crime to occur by addressing factors within a given location that create a crime hotspot. This also includes diminishing characteristics that may make some people more vulnerable to victimisation because of certain situations.  [4]  Increasing the risks of detection, reducing the rewards for offending and increasing the difficulty of offending are all ways to prevent situational crimes. Preventative measures can include installing locks and alarms, increasing surveillance through lighting and making buildings harder to enter. SCP is based on the theory that most crimes committed are contextual and opportunistic. Therefore, an individual about to commit a crime is simply responding to the situation around them. SCP examines the circumstances and environment in which individuals may commit crimes, it then identifies possible risks or future crimes, and then searches for solutions specific to those situations. SCP solutions could include: Increasing the effort required to commit a crime, making it less attractive Increasing the risk of being caught Reducing the potential rewards of crime Reducing provocations and temptations Removing excuses for committing crime SCP consists of three sub theories: Routine Activity Theory Every crime involves three elements: an offender, a target, and an insufficiently guarded environment (thus, must address one or all three). Rational Choice Theory Criminals make rational choices (and not randomly) and thus can be deterred from crime. Offender Search Theory Crime is very opportunistic; offenders respond to cues given out by the environment (thus, must focus on reducing opportunities). Basically, situational crimes occur because of the situation and environment that an individual is in. Therefore to prevent crime, the theory illustrates that we must change the environment and setting of not only criminal hotspots, but also all areas where possible crimes may take place. An example of an effective SCP campaign is that of the Victorian Governments new measures on street crime. There have been a growing number of intoxicated individuals in the CBD of Melbourne and some individuals and groups have been involved in fights and drunken and disorderly behavior. Situational solutions included education of bar staff and patrons about responsible drinking; regulations addressing the number, size and location of bars and their closing times; police presence at closing times; and availability of public transport. This one form of SCP has worked in that assaults in the CBD of Melbourne have decreased on average 5.6% since 2008-2009 to 2009-2010.  [5]   This leads us in to the term defensible space. Defensible Space Defensible Space (DS) is the idea that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through community and environmental design. The idea is important because it associates an individuals environment to his or her expectation of crime in the community or society to which they belong.  [6]  The difference between DS and SCP is that DS is concerned with the residential environment whose physical characteristics (building layout and site plan) function to allow residents themselves to become the key agents in ensuring their own security  [7]  , SCP on the other hand relies on governments or authorities assessing the situation and environment of a crime, and then provide sustainable measures in dealing with the setting so as to provide a crime free zone. DS argues that a community is safer when the people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for their piece of society. It asserts that the criminal is isolated and cut off because his turf is removed  [8]  when all land and property is owned and cared for individuals or members of the community. If an intruder can sense a watchful community, he feels less secure committing his crime  [9]  . The idea is that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental designs. There are four factors that make a defensible space:  [10]   Territoriality the idea that ones home is sacred Natural surveillance the link between an areas physical characteristics and the residents ability to see what is happening Image the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security Milieu other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area These factors that make a defensible space are crucial to effectively prevent crimes. DS goes further then SCP because it does not rely on crimes to take place, then be analyzed by a third party, and then enacted upon by future deterrent by lack of opportunity. DS can simply prevent crimes because individuals are not likely to offend when they know that there is a member of the community watching them. SCP Strengths SCP prevents the opportunity for future crimes to exist by addressing the environment and setting to which past crimes have occurred. With the opportunity gone, the theory states that there can be no crime. SCP makes use of mechanical and organizational measures such as CCTV cameras and security guards. This is an effective way to observe crime and keep the public out of harms way in that individuals do not need to confront offenders. This is in the publics best interest in that it is harm minimization for all members of society. DS Strengths DS is inexpensive on the public purse in that it is the people that are policing society. Governments dont need to spend endless amounts of money into new crime prevention techniques and gadgets. DS promotes public awareness and natural surveillance to crime; with the public all looking for crime then individuals have little chance of getting away with crime. This fact deters individuals from offending in that the risk of getting caught greatly out-weighs that of not. It also promotes public unity, in that the people of society can unite as one against the face of crime and report everything they see. Contrast and Critique In analysing DS we can establish the notion that it attempts to be the only preventative measure against crime. DS is individualistic and private, and SCP is collective and public. However, the theory of DS does embark on the opportunity to make SCP and other crime prevention theories obsolete. DS is about changing the environment so as to deter individuals from crime. So therefore, we could engender the concept that if all environments were changed to a private setting, and all individuals take on all four characteristics illustrated in DS, then there is no opportunity in theory for crime to be committed. If natural surveillance increases the threat of being caught by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen, then that should be enough to deter possible offenders. Natural surveillance through environmental design should, if effectively rolled out, be enough to take opportunity away from possible situations, and thus make SCP invalid in that DS has managed to d o what SCP aimed at doing. We can see that whilst in theory DS can effectively deal with preventing crime in the public and private arena, it is wholly unrealistic to suggest that DS, based on environmental design is ever going to be put into one hundred percent practice. Like most theories and ideologies, we can only implement parts and elements of the theory. It is unrealistic to suggest that in Australian society, let alone the world, DS can be permitted and effectively rolled out. There is simply not enough money to pay for the infrastructure needed to create such an ideology present, and that is assuming that it would be a joint venture between both public and private financing. Not everyone can afford to upgrade their house so as to convene the philosophies of DS. It is obvious that both DS and SCP need to work together to create sustainable and effective crime prevention. Both share common ground in that both rely on some form of surveillance to effectively deny an opportunity to prevent crime occurring. Natural surveillance measures can be complemented by mechanical and organizational measures. For example, CCTV cameras can be added in areas where window surveillance is unavailable. This combines the strengths of both SCP and DS in that CCTV prevents the opportunity for crime because offenders can be identified. This is one example of how SCP and DS can both work together to achieve crime prevention. More security guards in shopping centers is both a SCP and DS preventative measure in that the individuals are less likely to offend with a security guard is about, the visible presence is an SCP tactic. If there is crime, the people in the shopping centre can notify the security guards, who as an authority, can act accordingly, this is a DS tactic. Conclusion I started off this essay by talking about two things, democracy and its relationship with crime. DS and SCP as ideologies and theories, to an extent, whilst protecting some of our rights, actually take away what we most prize; our fundamental rights to freedom and privacy. These essential rights and freedoms are inhibited upon through the enactment of DS and SCP; it brings us to the question therefore at what price must we pay to feel safe and secure, to be a crime free society? This question is beyond me because I have mixed views, I like the notions behind DS and SCP and agree more so with philosophies behind DS, however, I also understand that to protect rights we infringe on others.

macbeth :: essays research papers

MACBETH In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, there are power struggles that interfere with personal relationships. The love and honor of the state or the love and loyalty of family is brought up to question. State and family are very similar, as they are both very important. But which one is more is not an easy question. In the eye’ of Macbeth and Macduff, characters in Macbeth the answer is simple, state. Loyalty to state is more valued to Macbeth and Macduff.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macduff must not care for his family for he would not leave them all alone. â€Å"To leave his wife, to leave his babes, His mansion and his titles in a place from whence himself does fly? Act 4 Sc 2; these are the words of lady Macduff talking about her husband. If Macduff loves his family he would at lest tell his wife where he has run off to so she does not worry. It is easy to see that Macduff loves his country more than his family. â€Å"Wear thou thy wrongs; The title is affeered. Fare thee well, lord. I would not be the villain that thou think’st for the whole space that’s in the tyrant’s grasp and the rich East to boot.† Act 4 Sc3 this shows Macduff’s feelings about the situation of Macbeth being king. Macduff does not want to see the country of Scotland suffer, and he is showing his loyalty to king Duncan by going to his son Malcolm the person who should be king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with Macbeth the title of king is of more importance than a friend who he has been in battle with and is as his right hand man. â€Å"My noble partner you greet with present grace and great prediction of noble having and of royal hope,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1 Sc 3 this is of Banquo talking about Macbeth as these are traveling along together. Banquo is as a loyal partner and friend to Macbeth. But because Macbeth thinks that he is a better leader he does not want Banquo and his sons to rule the country. â€Å"Your children should be kings† Act 1 Sc 3. Even with Banquo being a noble friend this prophecy scares Macbeth and is left with one choice to kill his friend. â€Å"With barefaced power sweep him from my sight.† Act 3 Sc. 1. All this for the kingdom. Macbeth’s insecurity led him to believe that Macduff was betraying him and ordered the killing of Macduff’s family.

lung cancer Essay -- essays research papers

Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in both men and women. There were an estimated 164,100 new cases of lung cancer and an estimated 156,900 deaths from lung cncer in the United States in 2000. The rate of lung cancer cases appears to be dropping among white and African-American men in the United States, while it continues to rise among both white and African-American women. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is much more common. It usually spreads to different parts of the body more slowly than small cell lung cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma, ademocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are three types of non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer also called oat cell cancer, accounts for about 20% of all lung cancer. Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. Lung cancer may also be the most tragic cancer because in most cases, it might have been prevented -- 87% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, many of which are proven cancer-causing substances, or carcinogens. Smoking cigars or pipes also increases the risk of lung cancer. Many of the chemicals in tobacco smoke also affect the the nonsmoker inhaling the smoke, making "secondhand smoking" another important cause of lung cancer. It is responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and as many as 62,000 deaths from heart disease a...

J.R.R. Tolkien :: Biography

J.R.R. Tolkien led an interesting life because he had many traumatizing experiences as a child. Did these experiences effect his writing or was he just an imaginative adult or was he a child in a grown mans body? That is what we are going to explore in this paper. By the time I am done you will believe that this man was a traumatized child. The many experiences that he had during long his life were very dramatic. They would have made even the toughest of children have problems later on in life. From my own experiences through my own life I can kind of relate to this man. The experiences that I have had have been pretty dramatic, but nothing like his. By reading what happened to him, I know from what I have read about him that he had to be traumatized as an adult. Before J.R.R. was born, his father, whose name was Arthur, worked for a very well known and prosperous bank in England. In an effort to cut back and make more money the bank fired him. Arthur was courting a young woman, by the name of Mabel, but before he could marry her he had to prove to Mabel’s father that he was going to be able to support her for the rest of her life. While looking for a job as a bank clerk he looked to the colonies of England, and he found a job in a bank in South Africa as a financial clerk. When he had established himself in the bank he sent for Mabel. They were married in 1981 in a Catholic Church in South Africa. The town in which they lived was called Bloemfontein, South Africa. This was where they wanted their children to grow up. J.R.R. was born on January, 31 1892 in South Africa. His birth name was John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. His younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, was born two years later on February 17, 1894. They were raised in a Catholic family. When J.R.R was three years of age, in 1895, his mother, brother, and he went back to Birmingham England to meet his grandparents. The reason Arthur did not go was that he was sick with yellow fever and he was going to wait till he was better to make the long sea voyage to England. This voyage was usually not easy for even the healthy passengers, so it was wise to stay behind.

Dove Evolution of brand Essay

In 2007, Unilever’s Dove was the world ‘s number-one â€Å"cleansing â€Å" brand in the health and beauty sector. Dove Competed in all categories like cleansing bars, body washes, hand washes, face care, hair care, deodorants, anti-perspirants, and body lotion.Their competitor are P&G (Procter and Gamble’s) ivory, KAO’s Jergens, Beiersdorf’s Nivea. The first Dove Product â€Å"Beauty Bar† was launched in 1957 with campaignâ€Å" Dove Soap doesn’t dry your skin because it’s one-quarter cleansing cream†. Dove positioning their product to functionality superiority product. It’s can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories Dove was tapped to become master brand in 2000, Dove entries in all personal categories and Dove become masterbrand. To build masterbrand needed to do something different. Dove do a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, and message testing led to â€Å" The Campaign for Real Beauty†. Now Dove success become masterbrand under the title of The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove success giving a single identity to the wide range health and beauty products. Dove also organizing for brand management to support this champaign. Read Also:  Ideas for an Exploratory Essay Question & Analysis 1. What is brand in the definition of Dove ? Answer : Based on Merriam-Webster, Dove is a. a small wild bird that is related to pigeons b. a gentle woman or child c. a person who does not want war and does want peace Dove is a symbol for peace, love and honesty. Dove Brand definition is a soap that give you real beauty because its more gentle than another soap so it would not dry out your skin the way soap did. So people does not worries about dry skin if used it because it was not technically soap at all. It is milder than soap-based bars. 2. What does Dove’s market positioning in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? Answer : In 1950’s The first Dove product, called a beauty bar was launched in 1957. It was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesn’t dry out the skin the way soap did. It was marketed through a mix of marketing communication tools like the Television, print media and bill boards. The advertising message was â€Å"Dove soap doesn’t dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream† which was illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet. The advertising aspired to project honesty and authenticity, preferring to have natural looking women testifying to Dove’s benefits rather than stylized fashion models. In 2007 Dove become a Masterbrand, its name is used for all beauty bar category in Unilever, such as deodorants, hair care products, facial cleansers, body lotions, and hair styling products. The old positioning of Dove is focus on functional superiority and it can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories. After a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, the positioning of Dove is â€Å"The campaign for Real Beauty†. The campaign begin with using ordinary people in supermodel contexts and for books of nudes featuring plain-looking models. The result was the so-called Tick-Box campaign. In this campaign, billboards were erected and viewers were asked to phone 1-888-342-DOVE to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was â€Å"outsized† or â€Å"outstanding.† The next campaign  were known internally as the Firming campaign because they promoted a cream that firmed the skin. They featured six â€Å"real† women cheerfully posing in plain white underwear. The company wanted the ads to â€Å"change the way society views beauty† and â€Å"provoke discussion and debate about real beauty.† The next step in the campaign was particularly controversial. At a Dove leadership team offsite meeting, an effort was made to engage executives in the idea behind The â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† by filming their own daughters discussing their self-esteem challenges. Stage four of the Real Beauty campaign involved not an advertisement, but a film. The resulting digital film was known as â€Å"Evolution†. Given its unusual length, television was not an option, and in October 2006 the film was posted to YouTube and within three months, it had been viewed three million times. 3. How did Unilever organize to do product category management and brand management in unilever before 2000? What was the corresponding structure after 2000? How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the case? Answer : Before 2000, within a product category the firm often offered multiple brands, each led by a brand manager. In effect, each brand operated as a separate business, competing with its siblings as well as the products of other firms. A staff of brand assistants executed the policies of the brand manager. Each brand manager was charged with the responsibilities of a general manager in relation to the brand, including design of strategy, delivery of profit targets, and power over many of day-to-day marketing decisions such as advertising and target promotions that were needed to achieve profitability. In 2000, Unilever began to split responsibilty for a brand between two groups, one charged with development of the brand and the other charged with building the brands in specific markets. Brand Development was centralized and global in scope. Brand Building was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. Before 2000, brand meaning controlled by Brand Manager, but at the time of case brand meaning idea is created by Brand Development but bringing to life by Brand Building. 4. Spend a little time searching blogs, using Google search, and any social media, to get a sense of what people saying about Dove today. What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand? Facebook Dove Indonesia have 23.027.326 Fans Followers Dove Indonesia : 19.4K Yes, people is feel the real beauty of themselves by using Dove. Dove makes the Real Beauty. Recommendation In the Future dove must be have line extension product such as cosmetic product, to enlarge their category product, but must have same positioning with their campaign â€Å" For Real Beauty† The position must be stand for a point of view Dove can enlarge their business to retail shop (cosmetic shop) to sell all dove product and communicated their brand. To organize Brand Management, Dove under Unilever must maintain split responsibility between Brand Manager and Brand Development.

Stashing of black

After analyzing such numbers it is a matter of utter importance to the Indian Government to thrive Black money to generate the capital which in term helps India progress. Stashing of black money abroad then encourages people to engage in illicit trade and siphoning of public resources. Thus due to lack of capital the government is forced to concentrate development in urban areas. Rural areas again further remain undeveloped.When a large amount Of black money is generated the people owning it engage in drug trade to gain loads of money and finance terrorism to physically overpower the authorities through terrorism. The Ministry of The Overseas Affairs can help its best by ring to sign more agreements such as Tax Information Exchange Agreements with more and more countries. India has already signed this agreement with 13 countries such as the Bermuda, The British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands to name a few.Through these agreements the Government of India has been trying to inte rcept the flow of Indian black money through these countries through fake banks which exist only on paper. Signing more such agreements will allow India join the global crusade against black money and will help the government intercept more black money and prevent illicit trade and terrorism financing in India.

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’

William Faulkner takes into account the ever-complicated concept of time in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost three quarters of century in a few page story. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order.Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible character of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the plot. Time does not flow in a linear direction but take a circular direction with the progress of story.Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with specific dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story.   But these indications reveal as plenty of information about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emily’s taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894.It is further p rovided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events.The linear sequence of events in Emily’s life is as follow; Section 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a joint ride with her father in an old wagon.Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town.He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again slip back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from her house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown sprinkling water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emily’s funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homer’s rotten dead body.Faulkner’s concept of time and its effective utilization does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although presentation of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot.He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the reader. â€Å"Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out† (McGlynn 461); Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of reader’s judgment about Emily till the end.The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that â€Å"A chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily’ is useful for at least two reasons: it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story† (461).By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The motive behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story.ReferencesFaulkner, William. A rose for Emily. Columbus; Merrill. 1970.McGlynn, Paul D. William Faulkner: An Interpretation; â€Å"The Chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Studies in Short Fiction. 6. 1969.

Human Rights for Individuals with Mental Health Disabilities Essay

This article discussed key human rights points that are not essentially practiced throughout the world. Lawrence Gostin states that liberty, dignity, equality, and entitlement are those points which the World Health Organization are working on further for others to accept as human rights norms for individuals with mental health disabilities. The review will provide examples of the violation of human rights some persons with mental disabilities are exposed to. The group WHO put in place legal precedent and public pressure; created by this body of international law they have encouraged domestic governments to apply human rights principles to their policies affecting mentally disabled individuals at the national and sub-national level. Human Rights for Individuals with Mental Health Disabilities The overlooked and unspoken of disability of mental illness has been brought to the forefront with this article Lawrence Gostin has written. International Human Rights Law and Mental Disability provided great detail of how these individuals are seen, portrayed, and handled out in society. In our society mental illness is seen as instability and people continually turn their noses up in disgust when dealing with persons with such diagnosis. Many human rights are taken away from these people and can lead to some negative experiences. â€Å"The mentally disabled have ended up in prison, in equally deplorable adult homes, or on the streets, homeless and destitute,† says Gostin explaining the disregard for this demographic. As he describes this neglect I relate it to the same mistreatment to the individuals that called Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, New York, home from the 1930’s until 1987. This facili ty’s was planned out for mentally disabled children, after ping-ponging ideas of its patient focused goal from U.S Army hospital to Veteran services, Willowbrook held to its original plan. While beginning seemingly well this insane asylum took a turn for the worst and began experiencing hepatitis outbreaks, extreme overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, and malnutrition. In 1987 after much controversy the hospital closed down. This facility was a clear example of the violation of human rights and how the mentally disabled are treated not only in society but also the neglect seen in some health care organizations. The World Health Organization, European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) are working together to change that negative connotation. These groups wish to provide all disabled people their â€Å"four interrelated human rights: liberty, dignity, equality, and entitlement.† With these values individuals can ultimately work there in a normal environment instead of being pushed into dark insane asylums. The major initiative now is to engage society as a whole in strive for public mental health. The movement of public mental health reaches to involve population based services, screenings for mental illness, and education on the topic of mental health. History shows society, government included has not treated the mentally disabled population very well, and these measures are a step closer to erasing those d iscrimination and prejudice lines. Reference Gostin, Lawrence O. (March-April 2004). The Hastings Center Report: International Human Rights Law and Mental Disability, 34.2, 11-12. Fisher, Danny (Producer), & Fisher, Jack (Director). (14 February 1997) Unforgotten: Twenty-Five Years After Willowbrook [Motion Picture]. United States of America: Willowbrook State School, Staten Island, New York City, New York.

Use of Social Media in Consumer Events in Kazakhstan Dissertation

Use of Social Media in Consumer Events in Kazakhstan - Dissertation Example The different social platforms present different functions which aid the users in deciding to use the applications. the existing discrepancies commonly result in the users being selective of the social media platforms based on the capability of the user to meet personal requirements (Kwon & Wen 2010). The significance of the information available on a social network remains critical to the capability of individuals deciding to use such form of media over others. The popularity of the social media platforms has continued with the increased availability and capacity to access from different devices. Facebook is estimated to the social media platform with many active users globally, who are estimated at 1.35 billion in 2014. While these are the global statistics, within different regions, the usage of these social media platforms remains different. The levels might be higher or lower based on the applicability of the platform and regulations existing within a region. The application of social media remains governed by different personal and social issues. Despite the popularity of the social media, the reasons behind the utilisation of any given platform remain different among various users. This is mainly because of the objectives people seek to achieve through the social media (Heinonen 2011). The reasons are relatively wide and range from socialisation, business to communication and political and other social reasons. Social media has continuously gained popularity and has surpassed the traditional forms of media.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO POEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO POEMS - Essay Example The poem primarily deals with the immediate concerns of survival and moving through the bare and sometimes dark conditions that were everyday obstacles during this time in African-American communities. She tells her son to keep moving forward: â€Å"So, boy, don’t you turn back/ Don’t you set down on the steps† (14-15). The crystal stair works well as a metaphor for life; her advice in no way addresses the nuances or more positive aspects of life, but simply the need to survive and get through the day. Meinke’s poem, while also expressing his advice to a son, is very different in presentation and specific content. As with Hughes’ poem, the writer is speaking directly with the intended audience and offers advice through imagery and metaphor. According to Meinke, the purpose of life is to live every day fully while also planning for the future. Beauty in the world plays an important role in living a full life. The author states that â€Å"Beauty is nectar/ And nectar, in a desert, saves† (Meinke 13-14). The poem ends on a telling note regarding the enjoyments in life and the need to savor each moment and experiences: â€Å"And always serve bread with your wine/ But son, always serve wine† (21-22). Meinke’s poem expresses sentiments that Hughes’ mother cannot fully understand; for her, because of the hardships she knows and experiences on a daily basis, the luxury of enjoying life’s more positive offerings is a foreign concept. Hughes and Meinke have presented two differing views that juxtapose a world full of beauty with that of a more barren, colorless environment. Both poems successfully convey parental concerns and words of wisdom that are to help their respective sons live and function in the world–the main difference being that Hughes’ mother strives for simple survival, while Meinke’s parent is able to

Analysis Of City Of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis Of City Of God - Essay Example However, the government strives to put up with the bulging population pressure by establishing a housing project in the outskirts of Rio. Nevertheless, the demand is so high and with housing being considered a luxury by a section of the citizenry, slums start to develop in the city.Global cities are defined as cities with huge impacts and influence on the development of the global economy. Rio de Janeiro is one of the global cities as depicted in the film ‘The City of God'. During the 1960s, Rio was experiencing rapid economic progress and had numerous economic activities. This was largely attributed to the city's beauty, cultural diversity, attractive beaches and the globally renowned landmarks. Therefore, the city attracted a huge number of tourists leading to increased business and expansion. However, Rio, like all other global cities experienced varying challenges which ranged from insecurity, huge gaps between the affluent and the underprivileged in society among other pro blems. Resultantly, this is one of the reasons why urban planning in global cities is a difficult activity.Education is a crucial tool for personal development and intellectual growth. A nation that invests wisely in education easily manages to move ahead in most aspects of its development such as the economy. In the ‘City of God', people are quite ignorant and skeptical of embracing education despite being accessible to them. For some, however, they are eager and cooperative in trying to attain formal education.

Business and employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and employment law - Essay Example Poppy simply seeks to buy the painting on display even though Bart refuses on the grounds that the product is solely for purposes of display. The fact that Bart is a retailer means that all freedoms to or not to sell any of the products to anyone is not in violation of a sales contract. In this case, Poppy cites offense when Bart does not seek to sell the painting1. To Poppy, the grounds for suing Bart include the fact that the painting on display is tallied as an offer. In the event of discriminatory sales, Poppy would use this as appoint to pin Bart and hence prove Bart’s liability. This is completely different form offering goods of poor quality and faulty. For Poppy, the contract consideration is lacking. Bart had not attached a price to the painting. The fact that the painting is on the shop’s wall does not in any way amount to an obligation for the trader to sell it leave alone accept her offer 2. The reason given for the trader’s decline does not include a nything of discrimination and consumer rights violation. Evidently, the necessary components for there to be a valid contract are absent which greatly discredits the grounds for suing Bart. Lovely Lighting Ltd’s Liability to Bart under the Law of Contract and Tort In the case alongside, Lovely Lighting Ltd is not indemnified from any damages and injuries resulting from the products they sell. With this, all aspects of a contract are fulfilled and are met. For this reason, a contractual liability would only arise due to a breach of contract. Tort liability is that which arises from a civil wrong3. In this case, the first step is to establish if there is a contract between parties. For this reason, one of the issues arising includes the likely disputes that may arise between Bart and Lovely Lighting Ltd. A salesperson approached Bart and presented him with an offer to purchase a sign bearing the name of Bart’s business. Bart accepted the offer through agreeing to purchas e the product, and signed a contract with the company with all the terms and conditions binding4. For an agreement to be considered a contract; there must be evidence of an offer (Lovely Lighting’s sign), acceptance (Bart’s signature on the sales contract), contractual intent (Bart’s motive to by the sign), legality of subject matter (the transaction is between legal bounds), and consideration (sign’s price)5. Bart was given an offer to purchase a sign bearing the name of his business, he accepted. There is the individually designed shop window lighting at the specified price which is the consideration. Lovely Lighting Ltd is a company doing legal business, and offered a legal business exchange. Both parties have the capacities to form contracts, and both parties showed intent to enter into the contract6. The case presented shows that Lovely Lighting Ltd does breach the contract and provided Bart with a product with a wrong name. This is a material breach since Lovely Lighting Ltd failed to use the right name of Bart’s business as agreed upon when signing the contract. Bart agreed to purchase a sign with the name ‘Artybarti’, which is his business’ name. The sign was designed with the name ‘Artyfarti’ which was not as per the contractual agreement. At this point, the obligation of the handling ot the sign rests with Lovely Lighting Ltd 7. Tort liability also comes into play a great deal. Lovely Lighting limited should be liable for selling defective products

Marketing plane Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing plane - Research Paper Example The paper will critically look at the marketing plan which has been adopted by BioGood to enable it change the perception of consumers towards the use of biodegradable plastic products, the company mission and vision considered to attain the objective of the firm. The paper still is going to discuss the market situations such as addressing SWOT analysis, marketing mix and marketing segmentation. Further, the paper will discuss the financial objectives of the firm for the first three years, objectives and issues of BioGood will be looked upon and discussed in length so as to understand the firm well and the products it is going to offer. Additionally, the paper will discuss the metrics that are used in marketing plan and their implementation. Marketing plan Internal situation Internal situation of BioGood include the management like finance, development slot, purchasing, operations and accounting. The departments must work together to achieve the goals of the firm, for example the acc ounting will have to approve any budget the firm considers of help to make the customers satisfied. The marketing managers must ensure that BioGood Company provides the necessary resources that will facilitate the use of biodegradable plastic to be of help to the consumers. ... not been doing well in the market due to the competitive nature of other firms like American Plastic Manufacturing, ECM Biofilms, and Clear Choice HouseWares among others. BioGood will involve customer markets like consumer markets who buy the biodegradable plastic for their own consumption, business markets that are going to buy the brand for selling to other retailers. The government market will buy in bulky to transfer the brands to those people who are needy. External situation BioGood will consider human population in terms of density, age, gender, race, and occupation, thus the market segment and market targets will not be a problem to the firm since it targets all type of customers. PESTEL analysis Political effect The political situation in the market will have to face the law and government agencies and other groups that are going to criticize the firm in production of biodegradable brands. For example, the competitors may petition the firm of false deceptive biodegradable p lastic claims. The claim may be focused at making BioGood lower sales or cease working completely. Economic BioGood will enhance the purchasing power of customers, through provision of prices that will be prudent and takes into consideration the inflation rates of the economy. Social The firm will have to invest a lot in advertisements since from the beginning the society together with the competitors has bad perception of biodegradable brands which are perceived to have negative effect to the environment and later to the society. This culture has passed from culture to culture. Technology The technological environment is the fastest media that can lead to changes and creativity in the firm, making the company to be innovative. The technology used by BioGood is perhaps best since the

Evolutionary development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolutionary development - Essay Example The view is given a new paradigm by Neil Shubin, (2008), a principal paleontologist who discerned the "missing link". He tried to trace the evolution through organs of human body. In his book Your Inner Fish, Shubin has enlightened people by establishing correlation between fossils and DNA. There exists similarity between human hands and fins of fish. Through his outstanding inscription, Shubin has elucidated the process of evolution in an easy manner which an ordinary person can understand. Your Inner Fish is one of the most invigorating, intellectually articulated thoughts, and convincing systematic scientific explorations; it is a chronicle of true voyage, potentially changes the outlook about the human body. Your Inner Fish establishes the similarity between the humans and fish and elucidate that any human body is a live example of the whole narration of evolution. Human body possess genome links that is already an established fact but humans also depict the whole gamut of evolution which finds molecular basis too with the similarity in terms of DNAs and RNAs in the genes. Shubin is not only an eminent scientist but he has proved his worth in the form of coherent and stylish author, besides being an irrepressibly excited coach who possesses wittiness, aptitude and cleverness who mesmerizes the readers with his thoughts and therefore readers are able to understand and formulate a real picture of the evolution. One of the finest ways to teach the students the similarity between various animals and humans. The simplest roadmap to their lies in fish (Shubin, 2008). "The archives of natural history are filled with †¦ cases of species formation exploding as a response to ecological opportunity.†¦Natural history becomes all the more pleasing and interesting when we look at it through the lens of evolutionary theory and search for the

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

Business law - Essay Example 222). This case examines the degree of responsibility the employer has over the visitors or workers and the extent to which their can disclaim that responsibility. The case involves Dabir an employee at Uxbridge University whose car was stolen from the university’s car park. According to the university policies, the limited parking space was only available for the workers living beyond ten miles from the University. Furthermore, the space was given on first-come-first-served principle. Since Dabir was living less than ten miles, he was not entitled to parking space in the university compound. However, the morning he arrived early he decided to park his car in the institution’s car park. Later he learnt his car was missing and after reporting he discovered he had no chance of recovering his car either with the help of the police of compensation from the university. The car park attendant informed him that he saw a stranger drive his car out and did not ask stop him because he thought he was a new member of the staff. After informing the security personnel at the university, they rubbished him and claimed it was a waste of time. Furthermore, the security personnel claimed that Dabir was not entitled to gate pass because he lived less than ten miles away. Dabir has been inconvenienced a lot because he has to board multiple vehicles before he gets to the place of work. The issue in this case is whether the university is liable for the loss of Dabir’s car, whether the university had done enough to discharge their responsibility whether Dabir was liable for contributory negligence (Howells & Schulze, 2009). It appears the main reason for the university restricting right of parking the car at the university’s car park was because of insufficient parking space. However, even the available space was on-first-come-first-served basis, and many

Merits and Demerits of Globalisation Essay Example for Free

Merits and Demerits of Globalisation Essay Introduction Globalization or (globalisation) is the process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. This process is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational dissemination of ideas, languages, or popular culture. Globalization means increasing the interdependence, connectivity and integration on a global level with respect to the social, cultural, political, technological, economic and ecological levels. Effects of globalization:- ? enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations ? the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital ? there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies ? worldwide production markets emerge ? Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders ? Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world ? Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations ? Greater interdependence of nation-states ? Reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations ? Workers in less developed countries should see an increase in wages and living benefits. If they do, their rising standard of living should help them consume products from developed nations. A virtuous circle can theoretically be created by a whole new middle class that didn’t exist. ? Peace should be easier to maintain between nations as no country would remain isolated in this new world order. The relationship of China and the United States has changed dramatically as their trade partner status has increased over the years. ? Globalization can help modernize developing countries faster. Modern ideas can be spread to the workers, who make up the social order. ? Products can be purchased much cheaper in developing countries, which increases the lifestyle of the people. As we pay less for simple common items, we have more to spend on big ticket items, which fuel higher paid manufacturing jobs in developed countries. Advantages of globalization in the developing world It is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. The civil liberties are enhanced and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free trade are at a profit. As a result, there are lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations. It is feared that some developing regions progress at the expense of other developed regions. However, such doubts are futile as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to eliminate penury and allow the poor people a firm foothold in the global economy. In two decades from 1981 to 2001, the number of people surviving on $1 or less per day decreased from 1. 5 billion to 1. 1 billion. Simultaneously, the world population also increased. Thus, the percentage of such people decreased from 40% to 20% in such developing countries. Disadvantages of globalisation Disadvantages of globalisation are as follows:- ? Increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as corporations seek out the cheapest labor ? Increased likelihood of economic disruptions in one nation effecting all nations ? Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals ? Threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression ?